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Health Assessment > Exam 4 - Heart Failure -organized > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Heart Failure -organized Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Heart Failure
Stage A:
Stage B:
Stage C
Stage D:

A

Stage A: At risk (risk factors but no structural changes or symptoms)
Stage B: Pre- heart failure (structural changes but no symptoms)
Stage C: Heart failure (symptoms like shortenss of breath and fatigue)
Stage D: Advanced heart failure (symptoms don’t respond to treatment)

S1

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2
Q

Heart Failure is defined as a complex syndrome that results from:

A

any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or blood ejection

2

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3
Q

Five signs of tissue-hypoperfusion that result from HF:

A

fatigue, dyspnea, weakness, edema, and weight gain

2

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4
Q

HF may be caused by structural abnormalities of what 5 cardiac structures?

A

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, heart valves, or great vessels

2

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5
Q

what EF % classifies HF with reduced EF (aka systolic HF)?

A

EF ≤ 40%

2

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6
Q

what EF % classifies HF with preserved EF (aka diastolic HF)?

A

EF ≥50%

2

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7
Q

A pt with clinical symptoms with an EF between ___ - ___% is labeled as having borderline HF w/ preserved EF

A

40-50%

2

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8
Q

True or false: Diastolic dysfunction is present in both HFrEF and HFpEF.

A

True!

2

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9
Q

Patters of what 2 things are the major distinguishing features between HFrEF and HFpEF?

A

LV dilation and remodeling

2

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10
Q

What serves as the main marker for establishment of HF risk factors, treatment, and outcome?

A

Ejection Fraction!

2

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11
Q

Which of the 2 HFs are women more likely to be affected by?

A

HF w preserved EF

Diastolic HF

3

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12
Q

Which of the 2 HFs are men more likely to be affected by?

A

HF with reduced EF

Systolic HF

3

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13
Q

Which HF is more likely to have modifiable risk factors and a higher prevalence of MI, previous coronary intervention, CABG, and PVD?

A

HF w reduced EF

3

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14
Q

what is the primary determinant of HFpEF?

A

left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

4

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15
Q

what 5 things determine LV’s ability to fill?

A

pulmonary venous blood flow
LA function
mitral valve dynamics
pericardial restraint
active and passive elastic properties of LV

4

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16
Q

What 3 things are majority of measurements of LV Diastolic dysfxn dependent on?

A

HR, loading conditions, and myocardial contractility

4

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17
Q

Higher ________ are required to achieve normal end-diastole volume in pts with HFpEF.

A

LV filling pressures

4

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18
Q

What is the steeper rise of the end-diastolic pressure-volume curve indicative of?

what does it result in regarding LV compliance?

A

delayed LV relaxation and an increase in myocardial stiffness

resulting in reduced LV compliance that restricts filling

5

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19
Q

The reduced LV compliance that eventually restricts filling can precipitate what (regarding the left atrium and pulm system)?

A

LA hypertension, LA systolic & diastolic dysfunction,
pulmonary venous congestion, and exercise intolerance

5

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20
Q

What does the left picture indicate about contractility?

what does the right picture indicate regarding LV compliance?

A

Left: a decrease in myocardial contractility as indicated by a decrease in the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation

Right: a decrease in LV compliance as indicated by an increase in the position of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation

These diagrams emphasize that heart failure may result from LV systolic or diastolic dysfunction independently

5

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21
Q

List some common causes of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfxn

A

8

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22
Q

LV End- diastolic dysfunction or delay in relaxation which is considered a form of “active stiffening” is complicated by

A

Failure of the actin-myosin disassociation, which occurs due to inadequate perfusion or dysfunctional intracellular Ca++ homeostasis

9

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23
Q

Causes of LV relaxation

A

Due to afterload, which is elevated in hypertensive pts. Tachycardia exacerbates the failure of LV relaxation.

9

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24
Q

What is commonly seen w/ HFpEF despite having only a modestly depressed LV systolic fx?

A

Profound exercise intolerance

9

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25
Q

Prolonged compression of coronary arteries restricts diastolic coronary blood flow, which contributes to ____ ____ and a further reduction in exercise tolerance.

A

subendocardial ischemia

9

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26
Q

What are the most common symptoms of HF?

A

Fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, S3 gallop, JVD, peripheral edema, exercise intolerance, and reduced tissue perfusion.

10

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27
Q

What are the most common symptoms of HFpEF?

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema, dependent edema

10

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28
Q

What is the most common sign of HFrEF?

A

S3 gallop

10

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29
Q

When EF is reduced, the presence of HF symptoms establishes the diagnosis of?

A

HFrEF (following standard guidelines)

10

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30
Q

What does cardiac catheterization define?

A

Elevated LV systolic and diastolic stiffness using pressure-volume analysis or provocative testing (s/a exercise & rapid IV volume expansion)

11

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31
Q

What other diagnostic measure can offer further information about severity of HFpEF?

A

Direct measurement of RV filling.

11

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32
Q

Which type of HF is harder to diagnose?

A

HFpEFis often more difficult to diagnose,especially when the pt has little/no symptoms at rest

11

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33
Q

What diagnostic finding provides strong evidence of HFpEF and is a predictor of mortality?

A

Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15mmHg at rest or 25mmHg duringexercise

11

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34
Q

What would you expect to see on CXR of someone w/ HF?

A

pulmonary dz, cardiomegaly, pulmonary venous congestion, and interstitial or alveolar pulmonary edema.

13

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35
Q

What is an early radiographic sign of LV failure and pulmonary venous HTN?

A

distention of the pulmonary veins in the upper lobes of the lungs

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36
Q

You read in the chart that the pt has perivascular edema, so you look at pt’s CXR and you see…

A

hilar or perihilar haze with ill-defined margins

13

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37
Q

Pt presents with edematous interlobular septae. What would you expect to see on CXR?

A

Kerley lines, which produce a honeycomb pattern

13

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38
Q

Pt presents with alveolar edema, what would you expect to see on CXR?

A

homogeneous densities in the lung fields, typically in a butterfly pattern

13

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39
Q

Radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema may lag behind the clinical evidence of pulmonary edema by up to ____hours

A

12 hours

13

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40
Q

Which criteria is more specific in diagnosis of HFpEF and incorporates several echocardiographic indexes based on 2-dimensional measurements?

A

European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

15

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41
Q

ESC guidelines rely entirely on ____ echocardiogram; and are limited because they do not incorporate ____testing.

A

resting
provocative

15

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42
Q

European Society of Cardiology criterias

A

15

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43
Q

Which diagnostic testing has low predictive value for diagnosis or risk- prediction of heart failure?

A

EKG alone

16

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44
Q

What underlying pathologies are common in HF pts with EKG abnormalities?

A

LVH, previous MI, arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities

16

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45
Q

What are 2 important biomarkers in the diagnosis of HF?

A

BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP

17

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46
Q

HF preserved EF is associated w/ lower BNP and NT-proBNP levels [than HF reduced EF] due to what characteristics?

A

concentric hypertrophy, normal LV chamber size and lower LV end diastolic wall stress

17

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47
Q

CRP and GDF15 (growth differentation factor 15 represent what component of HF?

A

inflammatory component of HF

17

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48
Q

The NYHA system focuses primarily on ____ to classify HF?

A

the degree of physical limitation

18

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49
Q

The ACC/AHA focus on ____ to classify HF?

A

on the presence & severity of HF

18

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50
Q

What should be noted with classification of HF?

A
  • note that these stages are progressive
  • oftenclassified using a combination of both scoring systems

18

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51
Q

Which NYHA Classification has no limitation and no symptoms from ordinary activity?

A

NYHA Class I

18

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52
Q

What NYHA Classification has mild limitation with activity and comfortable at rest or with mild exertion?

A

NYHA Class II

18

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53
Q

Which NYHA Classification has significant limitation with any activity and comfortable only at rest?

A

NYHA Class III

18

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54
Q

Which NYHA Classification has discomfort with any physical activity and symptoms occuring at rest?

A

NYHA Class IV

18

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55
Q

Which ACC/AHA classification has high risk of developing heart failure but no functional or structural heart deficits?

A

ACC/AHA Class A

18

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56
Q

Which ACC/AHA classification has structural heart deficit but no symptoms?

A

ACC/AHA Class B

18

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57
Q

Which ACC/AHA classification has heart failure symptoms due to underlying structural heart deficit with medical management?

A

ACC/AHA Class C

18

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58
Q

Which ACC/AHA classification has advanced disease requiring hospitalization, transplant, or palliative care?

A

ACC/AHA Class D

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59
Q

Which condition has improved survival rate in the past three decades: HFrEF or HFpEF?

A

HFrEF

19

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60
Q

Which condition benefits with using medications: HFrEF or HFpEF?

A

HFrEF

19

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61
Q

What are the treatments for HFpEF?

A
  • Mitigation of sx’s
  • treat associated conditions
  • exercise
  • weight loss

19

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62
Q

What are the treatments for HFrEF?

A
  • Beta Blockers
  • ACE-Inhibitors

19

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63
Q

What are the medical treatments for Chronic HF?

A
  • Diuretics
  • B-blockers
  • ACE-inhibitors & ARBs
  • Lifestyle change

21-22

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64
Q

How does Loop Diuretics help CHF?

A
  • reduce LV filling pressures
  • decrease pulmonary venous congestion
  • improve HF sx

21

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65
Q

Which type of pts. are Thiazide diuretics useful and why?

A

pts with poorly controlled HTN
to prevent the onset of HFpEF

21

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66
Q

Which type of CHF are Beta-Blockers strongly recommended for?

A

HFrEF
(HF with reduced EF)

prescribed for other indications (HTN, MI, HR control w/Afib)

21

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67
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for HFrEF?

A

ACE-inhibitors and ARBs

(studies do not show benefit in HFpEF unless used for treatment of HTN)

22

68
Q

What are the lifestyle changes that pt. can do to treat CHF?

A
  • Aerobic fitness
  • Weight loss
  • Salt-restricted, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet
  • Control of HTN and blood glucose

22

69
Q

What is the goal of surgical treatment for CHF?

A

to prevent ventricular remodeling and retain the natural geometry of the heart

23

70
Q

What are the benefits of coronary revascularization via CABG or PCI?

A

can reverse LV dysfunction following MI
* may prevent permanent EF reductions
* reduce 10-year mortality by 7% (CABG)

23

71
Q

What is another name for Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and what is the treatment for?

A

“biventricular pacing”

tx for HF w/ ventricular conduction delay (prolonged QRS)

23

72
Q

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)

Placement of a ____ cardiac pacemaker (w/RA & RV leads), an additional lead is introduced through the coronary sinus and advanced until it reaches the lateral wall of the ____.

This stimulates the heart to contract more ____ and efficiently and improve COP

A

dual chamber

LV

synchronously

23

73
Q

What NYHA class is CRT recommended?

A

NYHA class III or IV w/ EF < 5% and a QRS duration 120-150 ms

23

74
Q

What NYHA class is CRT recommended?

A

NYHA class III or IV w/ EF < 5% and a QRS duration 120-150 ms

23

75
Q

What are the outcomes of CRT?

A
  • fewer HF sx
  • better exercise tolerance
  • improved ventricular function
  • less hospitalizations
  • decreased mortality
76
Q

What are the benefits of coronary revascularization via CABG or PCI?

A
  • can reverse LV dysfunction following MI
  • may prevent permanent EF reductions
  • reduce 10-year mortality by 7% (CABG)

23

77
Q

What are the risks of CRT?

A
  • infection
  • misplacement
  • device failure

23

78
Q

How does a implantable hemodynamic monitoring improve chronic HF?

A

it allows remote observation of intracardiac pressures to guide tx and prevent decompensation

24

79
Q

How does a Implantable cardioverting-defibrillators (ICDs) helps patients with chronic Heat failure?

A

Its used to prevent sudden death in pts with advanced heart failure?

24

80
Q

̴ ____% HF deaths are d/t sudden cardiac dysrhythmias

A

50%

24

81
Q

What is the name of the device used by patients in the terminal stages of HF that may benefit from mechanical circulatory support (MCS) by a ventricular assist device (VAD)?

A

LV assist device

25

82
Q

LVAD is used for

A
  • temporary ventricular assistance while heart is recovering its function
  • Pts awaiting cardiac transplant
  • Pts are on inotropes or balloon pump (IABP) with potentially reversible medical conditions
  • Pts with advanced HF who aren’t transplant candidates

25

83
Q

What is disease process is classified as a long-standing HF disease?

A

Chronic heart failure

27

84
Q

True or false: Acute heart failure: Slow onset, often presenting w/life-threatening conditions

A

False: Acute heart failure: rapid onset, often presenting w/life-threatening conditions

Pts may require hospitalization, txis aimed at decreasing volume & stabilizing hemodynamics

27

85
Q

The term Acute heart failure applies to what patient population?

A
  • present with worsening
  • preexisting HF present for the first time with HF

27

86
Q

What are the sx of ADHF?

A
  • **fluid retention
  • weight gain
  • dyspnea**
    as the result of decompensation due to inadequate compensation

27

87
Q

What are the characteristics of De novo AHF?

A
  • increase in intracardiac filling
  • pressuresor acute myocardial dysfunction
  • decreased peripheral perfusion
  • pulmonary edema

28

88
Q

What is the leading caused of de novo HF?

A
  • Cardiac ischemia cause by a coronary occlusion

28

89
Q

Nonischemic cause of de novo HF include

A
  • drug-induced (toxic)
  • peripartum cardiomyopathies

28

90
Q

De novo HF may lead to _____ _________ dysfunction.

A

long-term cardiac dysfunction

management of theunderlying causemay allow for complete restoration

28

91
Q

How can a SRNA stabilize a patient with cardiac ischemia caused by a coronary occlusion ?

A
  • stabilizing hemodynamics
  • restoring myocardial perfusion
  • improving myocardial contractility

28

92
Q

The hemodynamic profile that is included in acute HF?

A
  • low cardiac output
  • high ventricular filling pressures
  • HTN or HoTN

29

93
Q

What is the first line of treatment for AHF should be given immediately in pts with fluid overload to mitigate?

A

Diuretics

29

94
Q

What are the diruetic given as a bolus followup by a continous infusion

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide
Torsemide

given as bolus or continuous infusions

29

95
Q

Reducing in_________ _________ leads to decreased________ ________ and ________ _______ _________ __________ (______), reducing pulmonary congestion.

A

intravascular volume
central venous
pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP)

29

96
Q

True of false: An AHF patient with hypotension or cardiogenic shock may first require hemodynamic support prior to diuretic therapy.

A

True

29

97
Q

What class of medication is proven to correct elevated filling pressures and reduceafterload.

A

Vasodilators

30

98
Q

Which medication is effective in rapidly decreasing afterload?

Which medicatioin is used as an adjunct to diurectic therapy?

A
  • SNP
  • NTG

30

99
Q

What is class of medication emerged as potential adjunct therapy, to reduce the arterial constriction, hyponatremia, and the volume overload associated with AHF?

A

Vasopressin receptor antagonists

30

100
Q

What is an example of Vasopressin receptor antagonists?

A

Tolvapatan

30

101
Q

What class of medication stimulate β-receptors on the myocardium to activate adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP?

A

Catecholamines

102
Q

What are some examples of catecholamines being use for Acute HF treatment?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
dobutamine

31

103
Q

What is a class of medication indirectly increase cAMP by inhibiting its degradation to help treat acute HF?

What is an example of this medication ?

A

PDE-inhibitors
milrinone

31

104
Q

What are the 6 most common inotropic drugs used in AHF? (chart)

A

32

105
Q

Nesiritide works by inhibiting the ________ and promoting arterial, venous, and coronary vaso-____________, decreasing LVEDP and improving ___________.

A

Nesiritide works by inhibiting the **RAAS **and promotingarterial, venous, and coronary vasodilation, decreasing LVEDP and improving dyspnea

33 -AHF

106
Q

Nesiritide induces diuresis and ____________, relaxes cardiac muscle, and lacks any ____________ effects

A

Nesiritide induces diuresis and natriuresis, relaxes cardiac muscle, and lacks any dysrhythmic effects

Natriuresis is when the body excretes more sodium and causes a diuretic response

33-AHF

107
Q

What Exogenous recombinant BNP binds to A and B-type natriuretic receptors?

A

Exogenous BNP: Nesiritide, a recombinant BNP that binds to A- and B-type natriuretic receptors

33- AHF

108
Q

T/F
Nesiritide has shown advantage over traditional vasodilators such as NTG & SNP

A

False
Nesiritide has not shown advantage over traditional vasodilators such as NTG & SNP

33-AHF

109
Q

When medical management fails and organ dysfunction occurs, urgent _________ ___________ __________ (MCS) is indicated.

A

When medical management fails and organ dysfunction occurs, urgent mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is indicated

34- AHF

110
Q

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) developed a MCS decision-making tool based on pt clinical profiles. What is that tool or Profile System called?

A

Inter-agency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support
INTERMACS Profile System

34-AHF

111
Q

___________ _______________ Pump: functions by cyclic ____________balloon inflation after ________ valve closure, followed by deflation during __________

A

Intraaortic Balloon Pump (IABP): functions by cyclic helium balloon inflation after aortic valve closure, followed by deflation during systole

35-AHF

112
Q

IABP improves LV coronary perfusion by ____________ LVEDP

____________and x-ray are the primary modes for placement evaluation

A

IABP improve LV coronary perfusion by **reducing **LVEDP

TEE and x-ray are the primary modes for placement evaluation

35-AHF

113
Q

IABP degree of support varies because of the set ____________, the ________ of the balloon, and the ____________ of supported beats

A

IABP degree of support varies b/o the set volume, the size of the balloon, and the ratio of supported beats

35 - AHF

114
Q

Full IABP support would be 1:1 (one inflation for every heartbeat)

In tachycardic pts, a setting of __:__

(________ inflation per every________ heartbeats) is ideal

A

Full support would be 1:1 (one inflation for every heartbeat)

In tachycardic pts, a setting of 1:2 (one inflation per every two heartbeats) is ideal

35 - AHF

115
Q

IABP provides only ____________ improvements in cardiac output
(_____-_____ L/min) and render pts immobile, limiting its long-term use

A

Overall, IABP provides only modest improvements in cardiac output (0.5–1 L/min) and render pts immobile, limiting its long-term use

35 - AHF

116
Q

What is a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) that can be placed percutaneously to reduce LV strain and myocardial work in the setting of acute heart failure?

A

Impella

36

117
Q

How long can an Impella be left in a patient for?

A

Can be utilized for up to 14 days

36

118
Q

An Impella serves a transition to ____________ or a bridge to ____________ procedures.

What are the four procedures mentioned on this slide?

A

Serves as a transition torecovery

Bridge to cardiac procedures (CABG, PCI, VAD, transplant)

36

119
Q

The Impella consists of a miniature ____________ blood pump inserted through the ____________ artery, advanced through the aortic valve and is situated in the ______

A

The Impella consists of a miniature rotary blood pump inserted through the **femoral **artery, advanced through the aortic valve and is situated in the LV

36

120
Q

The Impella pump draws blood continuously from the LV through the ________port and ejects it into the ascending aorta through its ____________ port

A

The Impella pump draws blood continuously from the LV through the distal port and ejects it into the ascending aorta through its proximal port

36

121
Q

What VAD/ECMO device is necessary for cardiorespiratory support or as an alternative to Peripheral VAD/ECMO?

Why would we use this device over Peripheral VAD/ECMO?

A

Central ECMO may be necessary for cardiorespiratory support or as an alternative to peripheral ECMO

We would use Central ECMO if adequate flow rates are not achievable with Peripheral VAD.

36

122
Q

Where are Central VAD/ECMO devices placed (2 spots)?

How are these spots surgically accessed?

A

Central cannulas are placed in the right atrium and aorta
Accessed:
Invasive and require sternotomy or thoracotomy for placement

36

123
Q

What are the three benefits of Central VAD/ECMO?

A

Benefits:
1. complete ventricular decompression
2. avoidance of limb impairment
3. avoidance of SVC syndrome

36

124
Q

____________ VAD: support devices that can provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Consists of a small pump & controller, which is helpful for transport, but generates ________, causing more ________ and lower flows.

A

Peripheral VAD: support devices that can provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Consists of a small pump & controller, which is helpful for transport, but generates heat, causing more hemolysis and lower flows

38

125
Q

Peripheral VAD: If these devices have an ____________, they are considered ECMO, and used to support the right or left side of the heart

A

If these devices have an oxygenator, they are considered ECMO, as opposed to having no oxygenator, but used to support the right or left side of the heart

38

126
Q

Due to ECMO ____________anesthetics may be significantly limited by functional shunting around the lungs

For this reason what other anesthetic techniques are considered?

A

**Inhaled anesthetics **may be significantly limited by functional shunting around the lungs
higher amount of inhaled anesthetics may be required

TIVA should be considered for pts on ECMO

39

127
Q

The CRNA should recognize that the ECMO membrane is ____________, causing many agents, including fentanyl, to become ____________within the circuit.

A

CRNA must recognize that the ECMO membrane is lipophilic, causing many agents, including fentanyl, to become sequesteredwithin the circuit

39

128
Q

T/F
Pts on ECMO likely have increased lung perfusion as blood bypasses the lungs before returning to the aorta

A

FALSE
Pts on ECMO likely have reduced lung perfusion as blood bypasses the lungs before returning to the aorta

39

129
Q

Biventricular assist device (BiVAD):

  • Once a pt on central ECMO is stabilized, it may be desirable to __________ support of the ventricles with two ___________ circuits to allow for _________ of either the left- or right-sided support
  • Separate circuits can be achieved by ____________ placement to support the right and left sides, separately
  • Alternatively,the right and left sides can be__________ cannulated individually
A
  • decouple
  • independent
  • weaning
  • percutaneous
  • centrally

40

130
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

HF pts have an increased risk of developing ________ failure, sepsis, __________, and _________ arrest.

  • require longer periods of ___________ ventilation; and have an overall increased _____-day mortality
A
  • renal
  • pneumonia
  • Cardiac
  • mechanical
  • 30

41

131
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

  • All pts with HF should have a comprehensive preop exam to determineif they are _____________ or require treatment
  • Comorbidities s/a uncontrolled HTN, ______, angina, ______, and _________ failure, should be examined and optimized.
A
  • compensated
  • DM
  • afib
  • renal

41

132
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

Surgery should be _________ in pts experiencing ____________ , a recent change in clinical status, or in de novo _______ heart failure

A
  • postponed
  • decompensation
  • acute

41

133
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

  • HF pts usually take several _______ that may affect anesthetic mgmt.
  • ______________ be held on the day of surgery
  • BB maintenance is essential, studies show they reduce perioperative ________ and ________.
  • __________ may put pts at risk of intraop HoTN
    ———2014 ACC/AHA guidelines recommend maintaining therapy in the perioperative period
A
  • meds
  • diuretics
  • morbidity and mortality
  • ACE-i

42

134
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

  • ___________ is recommended in any pt w/cardiovascular dz
  • A ____________ is indicated in pts w/worsening dyspnea during their preop evaluation
A
  • 12-Lead EKG
  • TEE

42

135
Q

Pre- Op Management of HF Patients:

  • Labs: CBC, electrolytes, ______ function, and________ studies
  • ______ is not routinely recommended
  • _______ and ___________ should be interrogated prior to surgery
A
  • liver
  • coagulation
  • BNP
  • ICD and pacemaker

42

136
Q

Cardiomyopathies:

  • Cardiomyopathies are a group of myocardial diseasesassociated with _________ and/or __________ dysfunction that usually exhibit ________ hypertrophy or dilation.
  • Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the ________ or are part of ___________ disorders, often leading to cardiovascular ________ or disability
A
  • mechanical
  • electrical
  • ventricular
  • heart
  • systemic
  • death

43

137
Q

Cardiomyopathies:

Cardiomyopathies can be divided into 2 groups:
* ________ cardiomyopathies: are confined to ______ muscle
* ________ cardiomyopathies:pathophysiologic cardiac involvement in the context of a __________ disorder

A
  • Primary
  • Heart
  • Seconday
  • Multiorgan

43

138
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:

  • HCM is a complex primary cardiomyopathy with _______ clinical features
  • HCM can affect all ______ and has a prevalence of about 2-5 per 1,000 ppl
  • It is the most common _________ cardiovascular disease
A
  • diverse
  • ages
  • genetic

44

139
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:

  • characterized by ______ in the _________ of other diseases capable of inducing ventricular hypertrophy
  • HCM usually presents w/ hypertrophy of the interventricular _________ and the ____________free wall
  • Histologic features include __________ myocardial cells and _______myocardial scarring
A
  • LVH
  • absense
  • septum
  • anterolateral
  • hypertrophy
  • patchy

44

140
Q

Myocardial hypertrophy, dynamic LV outflow obstruction, mitral regurg, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia and dysrhythmias are all related to what condition?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

45

141
Q

Hypertrophied myocardium has a ____ relaxation time and ___ compliance

A

prolonged relaxation and decreased compliance!

45

142
Q

T or F?

Myocardial ischemia is present in Hypertrophic cardiomyoapthy whether or not they have CAD

A

True

45

143
Q

Dysthytmias are the most sudden cause of death in young pts w/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. What causes dysrthymias?

A

disorganized cellular architecture, scarring, and an expanded interstitial matrix

45

144
Q

What characterizes dilated cardiomyoapthy
what is the initial symptom?

A

LV [or biventricular] dilation, biatrial dilation, decreased ventricular wall thickness, and systolic dysfunction

initial symptom–> HF (CP may occur as well)

46

145
Q

In asymptomatic patients, what is the only sign of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy

46

146
Q

What are some diagnostic abnormalities in patients w/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
hint: ekg and echo

A

EKG abnormalities (75-90% pt) show high QRS voltage, ST segment and T wave abnormalities, abnormal Q, and atrial enlargment
Echo: myocardial wall thickness >15mm; and EF >80%
terminal states: EF severely depressed

46

147
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiac catherization allows direct measurement of ______ ____?

A

left ventricular end diastolic pressure

46

148
Q

Medical treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (4)

A

-BB, CCB
-if develop HF–> diuretics
-disopyramide (add on if still symptomatic)
-amiodarone if develops dysrhythmias! (most effective)

disopyramide has negative inotropic effect- improves LV outflow obsructi

47

149
Q

What complication that develops in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated w/ increased risk of thromboembolism, HF and death?

What is the treatment

A

a-fib–> amiodarone!
Need long term anticoagulation if chronic

47

150
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Surgery is reserved for pt w/ large outflow tract gradients & severe symtoms despite medical tx. What are 3 surgical strategies?

What treatment if still symptomatic?

A

-septal myomectomy
-cardiac cath w/ injection to induce ischemia to septal perforator arteries
-echo guided percutaneous septal ablation

If still symptomatic, MVR can be done to counteract systolic anterior motion of mitral leaflet

48

151
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

What is the primary tx for pt at risk for death r/t dysrhytmias?

A

ICD Placement!

48

152
Q

Common complications in dilated cardiomyopathy? (4)

A

dysrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, emboli and sudden death

49

153
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

Ventricular dilation may lead to what 2 valve abnormalities?

A

mitral and tricuspic regurgitation

49

154
Q

Common echo and EKF findings in dilated cardiomyopathy are?

A
  • echo: dilation of all 4 chambers, especially the LV. Global hypokinesis
  • EKG: ST and T wave abnormalities w/ LBBB
  • comon dyrhythmias: PVC and AFIB
155
Q

Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Tx is similiar to chronic HF. AC initiated as well.
Prophylactic ICD–> decreases sudden death by 50%

Ultimately–> cardiac transplant :( (DCM is the main indication for transplant)

50

156
Q

Common symptoms in stress cardiomyopathy? What is the most common cause?

A

chest pain, dyspnea.
Stress is most common cause
women > men

51

157
Q

Stress cardiomyopathy aka apical ballooning syndrome is a temporary primary cardiomyopathy characterized by what abnormalities?

A

LV apical hypokinesis and ischemic EKG changes (coronary arteries are still patent)

-Temporary dysruption of contractility in LV apex (and rest of heart has normal contractility)

51

158
Q
  • Peripheral VAD = __________ membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
  • Consists of a small pump & controller = helpful for _______,
  • but generates ____&raquo_space; ______ and lower flows
  • If oxygenator = ECMO,
  • no oxygenator = used to ______ R or L heart

AHF Surgical Treatment

A
  • extracorpeal
  • transport
  • heat … hemolysis
  • support
159
Q

Central VAD/ECHMO

  • cannulas placed in ___ atrium + aorta
  • invasive _____ / ______ to place
  • benefits = complete _____ decompresion ,, avoid ____ impairment ,, avoid ____ syndrome

AHF Surgical treatment

A
  • Right
  • sternotomy / thoracotomy
  • ventriuclar ,, limb ,, SVC
160
Q

ECMO

  • Pts on ECMO have reduced ____ perfusion bc blood bypasses before returning to aorta
  • Inhaled Anes = ____ bc of shunting
  • _____ should be considered for ECMO pts
  • ECMO membrane = ____ + may cause agents like ____ to become sequestered within circuit

AHF Surgical Tx

A
  • lung
  • limited
  • TIVA
  • lipophilic ,, fentanyl
161
Q

Biventricular Assist Device

  • Used to _____ support of ventricles with 2 independent circuits
  • This allows for ______ of either L or R sided support
  • separate circuits achieved by _____ placement
  • R + L sides can be centrally ______ individually

AHF Surgical Tx

A
  • decouple
  • weaning
  • percutaneous
  • cannulated
162
Q
  • HF pts have increased risk of :: ___ failure, ______, pna, + require longer periods of ______ _________
  • Comprehensive preop exam to determine if ______ or require treatment
  • 3 reasons to POSTPONE surgery ??

AHF Preoperative Mgnt

A
  • Renal failure ,, sepsis ,, mechanical ventilation
  • compensated
  • decompensation ,, change in status ,, De Novo AHF
163
Q
  • ____ held on day of surgery
  • continue ____ bc it’s managment is essential
  • ______ put pt at risk for intraop Hotn
  • perform a _______ if worsening dyspnea
  • 4 labs necessary ??
  • ____ lab is not routine
  • ICDs and Pacemakers should be ______ prior to surgery

AHF Preoperattive Mgmt

A
  • Diuretics
  • Beta blockers
  • ACE-I
  • TTE – echo
  • CBC , lytes , LFTs , coagulation
  • BNP
  • interrogated
164
Q
  • Group of myocardial disease with ___________ or _____ dysfx
  • These exhibit as ventricular __________ or ________
  • Cardiomyopathy is either confined to __________ (primary) or part of _____ disorders (secondary)

Cardiomyopathies

A
  • mechanical or electrical
  • hypertrophy or dilation
  • heart or systemic
165
Q
  • affects all ___
  • most common ______ CV disease
  • characterized by _____ + absence of other diseases that could cause it
  • presents with hypertrophy of the ___________________ and ________________
  • Histologic features are hypertrophied ____ cells and ________ myocardial scarring

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A
  • ages
  • genetic
  • L Ventricle Hypertrophy
  • intraventricular septum and antero-lateral free wall
  • myocardial ,, patchy

Health Assessment (11 decks)

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