Exam 4-Inflammation, Immune System Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
What is the purpose of inflammation and immunity?
A
To protect through neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment.
2
Q
Where are Human Leukocyte antigens found?
A
On the. surface of most body cells
- specific too that personally
- universal product code
- capable of stimulating an immune response
3
Q
What are other names for Human Leukocyte antigens?
A
Human transplantation antigens
Human histocompatibility antigens
Class I antigens
4
Q
Functions of Human Leukocyte Antigens
A
- Determine tissue type
2. Key for recognition and self-tolerance
5
Q
Self vs Non-Self
A
- Self tolerance
- Determination by the immune system of whether or not certain cells belong
“Hey you are not like the other cells! You can’t come in!”
6
Q
Immune System Influences
A
Nervous system
Endocrine system
GI system
7
Q
stem cells
A
-immature, undifferentiated cells
8
Q
What are stem cells produced by?
A
bone marrow
9
Q
Why are stem cells Pluripotent?
A
They can travel to any direction they choose to go (towards any RBC)
10
Q
Leukocytes (WBCs)
A
protect body from effects of invasion by organisms
11
Q
How do leukocytes provide protection?
A
- Recognition of self vs non-self
- Destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, & abnormal cells
- Production of ANTIBODIES against invaders
- Complement activation
- Production of CYTOKINES that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in the bone marrow
12
Q
Cytokine function
A
To initiate production of more leukocytes when the first round is used up
13
Q
Full immunity requires what 3 processes…
A
- Inflammation
- Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
* ALL 3 MUST BE IN PLACE!
14
Q
Innate Native Response
A
- natural protective feature of a person
- provides immediate protection
- visible symptoms & can rid of harmful organisms
ex. inflammatory response activated through the skin, mucosa, antimicrobial chemicals on skin
15
Q
What is a possible complication of excessive response of innate native immunity?
A
tissue damage
16
Q
Infection
A
- occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms
ex. splinter in finger - usually accompanied by a inflammation, but can occur without infection
- Body s trying to manage Neutrophils, Macrophages, Eosinophils, basophils
17
Q
Does inflammation always mean infection?
A
NO!!!
18
Q
Neutrophils (granulocytes)
A
- 55%-70% of WBC
- Mature called: SEGMENTED or polymorphonuclear (PMN)
- Immature called: Bands
- Stem cell to mature neutrophil takes 12-14 days
- Lifespan once mature: 12-18 hrs
- Function is phagocytosis
- Absolute Neutrophil Count
19
Q
Macrophages
A
- from myeloid stem cells
- phagocytocsis
- repair
- Antigen presenting/processing
- secretion of cytokines
20
Q
Basophils
A
- cause the symptom of inflammation
- blod to collect in capillaries & arterioles
- increase capillary permeability
21
Q
Eosinophils
A
- active against parasitic larvae
- limits inflammatory reactions
- increases during an allergic response
22
Q
Phagocytosis process
A
- exposure/invasion
- Atraction
- Adherence
- Recogntion
- Cellular ingestion
- Phagosome formation
- Degradation
23
Q
5 Cardinal manifestations of inflammation
A
WARMTH REDNESS SWELLING PAIN DECREASED FUNCTION
24
Q
STAGE I: Vascular
A
change in blood vessels
25
STAGE I "Phase I"
constriction small veins (closes one door) & dilate arterioles (brings more people to the party) increasing delivery of nutrients to the area
26
STAGE I "Phase II"
hyperemia & edema that can cause a capillary leak
27
STAGE II: Cellular Exudate
Neurophils, pus forms a clear to yellow substance
28
STAGE III: Tissue repair & replacement
WBCs trigger new blood vessels and growth (angiogenesis) & scar tissue formation
29
Immunity
--adaptive internal protection resulting in long-term resistance to effects of invading microorganisms
-body must learn to generate specific immune responses when injected by or exposed to specific organisms
30
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Humoral immunity
| -antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes(B-cells)
31
B-cells
- start from as stem cells
- released from bone marrow into blood
- migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues : spleen, parts of lymph nodes, tonsils, mucosa of intestinal tract (AMI process occurs in all)
32
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Steps to produce specific antigen
1. Exposure
2. Antigen recognition
3. Sensitization
- plasma celll
- memory cell
4. Antibody production & release
- circulating antibodies can be transferred to another person
5. Antibody-antogen binding
6. Antigen-binding actions
- agglutination, lysis, complement fixation, precipitation, inactivation
33
Components of AMI
- Antibodies: Immunoglobulins or gamma globulins
- Antibody classification: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM
- 1st exposure the B-cell produces the IgM antibody type against the antigen
- Re-exposure, then produces large amounts of IgG type of antibody
34
What type of immunity is ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY?
Adaptive
35
Active Immunity
Body takes an active role in producing antibodies
36
Natural active immunity
antigens enters body without assistance
ex. having chicken pox & developing immunity to it
37
Artificial active immunity
protection developed by vaccination or immunization
38
Passive immunity
short term effect transferred from another person
39
Natural passive immunity
mother to baby when breast fed
40
Artificial passive immunity
- injecting antibodies from another person
- short-term
ex. injected an individual with antibodies from a person who had Eboli and is now immune from it
41
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (Cellular Immunity)
- involves many WBC actions & interactions
| - for total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally
42
Is CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY adaptive?
YES!!!!
43
CMI: T-lymphocytes (helper/inducer cells)
T-4 or CD4 cells, secrete lymphokines, increase bone marrow production when needed
44
CMI: T-lymphocytes (suppressor cells)
T-8 cells, prevent hypersensitivity, secrete lymphokines, inhibit growth & activation of immune system (keeps things in check)
-Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells (Tc) : destroys cells containing processed antigens HLA, effective against parasites, protozoa
45
Natural Killer cells (NK)
- CD16, can destroy without previous sensitization
| - Destroys abnormal or unhealthy cells
46
CMI: Cytokines
small protein hormones
- act as messengers that tell specific cells how to respond
- control many inflammatory & immune responses
Monokines: when produced by marcrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils or monocytes
Lymphokines: when produced by T-cells
ex. interleukins, interferons, colony stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factor
47
CMI Protection
- helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self
- prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens
48
Transplant Rejection: HYPERACUTE
- immediate
- antibody-mediated response
- antibody-antigen complexes activate complement
- blood clotting cascade is activated
- massive clotting-ischemia-destruction of organ
49
Transplant Rejection: ACUTE
- 1 wk to 3 months
| - Antibody mediated or cellular
50
Transplant Rejection: CHRONIC
fibrotic scar tissue with reduced function
51
Transplant Rejection: Maintenance therapy
- continuous drug therapy
- specific immunosuppressants (ex. Cyclosporine)
- Less specific immunosuppressants (ex.Azathioprine)
- Corticosteroid (ex. Prednisone)
*Many side effects of drugs
52
Transplant Rejection: Rescue therapy
- increased dosages of maintenance drugs
- antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)
- Muromonab-CD3 antibody
