Exam 4 - Limbs (upper & lower) Flashcards
(305 cards)
1
Q
describe the angle of the femur
A
sits at in inward angle of about 130 degrees
2
Q
where is the greater sciatic foramen (above piriformis) in relation to the nearby ligament? whats in it?
A
above the piriformis, above sacrospinous lig
- superior gluteal vessels & nerve
3
Q
where is the lesser sciatic foramen? what’s in it?
A
under piriformis, above sacrospinous lig, around obturator foramen
- obtuator internus, pudendal n
4
Q
where is the greater sciatic foramen (below piriformis) in relation to the nearby ligament? whats in it?
A
under piriformis, above sacrospinous lig
- sciatic n, inferior gluteal vessels & nerve
5
Q
where is the sublinguinal space? what’s in it?
A
under inguinal lig
- femoral vessels & nerve, psoas
6
Q
where is the inguinal canal? what’s in it?
A
above inguinal lig
- reproductive vessels & nerves
7
Q
which side is the tibia on? what about fibula?
A
tibia = big toe (medial)
fibula = pinkie (lateral)
8
Q
extension vs flexion of hip
A
flex hip = leg forward
extend hip = leg back
9
Q
abduct vs adduct hip
A
abduct = leg away from body
adduct = leg towards body
10
Q
extension vs flexion of knee
A
extend = knee back
flex = knee to supine position
11
Q
dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion of foot
A
dorsi = foot up
plantar = foot points down
12
Q
what is the fascia lata?
A
connective tissue lining the thigh
- attaches to inguinal lig
- thickens on the sides to make the IT band
- limits bulging, increases muscle efficiency, helps venous and lymph return
- contains an opening for the saphenous v to reach femoral v
13
Q
what are the three compartments of the thigh? three compartments of the leg?
A
thigh = anterior, medial, posterior
leg = anterior, lateral, posterior
14
Q
spinal levels of lateral-femoral cutaneous n
A
L2-3
15
Q
spinal levels of femoral n
A
L2-4
16
Q
spinal levels of obturator n
A
L2-4
17
Q
spinal levels of superior gluteal n
A
L4-S1
18
Q
spinal levels of inferior gluteal n
A
L5-S2
19
Q
spinal levels for the n. to the piriforimis
A
L5-S2
20
Q
spinal levels for the n. to the obturator internus
A
L4-S1
21
Q
spinal levels for the perforating cutaneous n
A
S2-S3
22
Q
spinal levels for the. to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
A
L4-S1
23
Q
spinal levels for the sciatic n.
A
L4-S3
24
Q
spinal levels for the posterior cutaneous n. of thigh
A
S1-S3
25
INN of gluteus max
inferior gluteal n
26
INN of gluteus medius & minimus
superior gluteal n
27
INN of tensor fascia latae
superior gluteal n
28
INN of piriformis
n. to piriformis
29
INN of obturator internus
n. to obturator internus
30
INN of superior gemellus
n. to obturator internus
31
INN of inferior gemellus
n. to quadratus femoris
32
INN of quadratus femoris
n. to quadratus femoris
33
what is the main function of the gluteal region muscles?
abduct hip
- also does some rotation of hip
34
what does action does the gluteus maximus do that the other ones don't?
extends hip
35
what is important to avoid in intragluteal injections?
above piriformis to avoid sciatic and other structures
- occurs in superior & lateral quadrant
36
what is piriformis syndrome?
overuse of piriformis makes it inflammed which compresses the sciatic n.
- causes glute pain or radiating pain to posterior leg
37
what three muscles are apart of the triceps coxae?
obturator internus
superior gemellus
inferior gemellus
38
where is the subinguinal space?
b/w the pelvis, iliopsoas, pectineus, and inguinal lig
39
where is the femoral triangle?
b/w the inguinal lig, adductor longus, sartorius
40
where is the adductor canal?
b/w sartorius, adductor longus & magnus, vastus medialis
41
where is the adductor hiatus?
opening in adductor magnus
42
where do femoral hernia's occur?
thru the femoral triangle in the saphenous vein opening
- part of the ileum pushes thru opening
43
what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg? (7)
IT band
iliopsoas
sartorius
quadriceps femoris (4)
44
what main nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral Nerve (L2-4)
45
what main actions do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh do?
flex hip
extend knee
46
where is the sartorius?
ASIS (lateral) -> medial side of tibia
47
where is the rectus femoris?
illium -> patella tendon
- inbetween vastus lateralis & medius
48
where is the vastus lateralis?
top of femur (lateral side) -> patella tendon
49
where is the vastus medialis?
top of femur (medial side) -> patella tendon
50
where is the vastus intermedius?
top of femur (under other quad muscles) -> patella tendon
51
what spinal levels does the patellar reflex test? what is this doing to the body when you hit the patellar tendon?
L3-L4
- stretches the quad muscles, in response to this, the body thinks it's falling so it quickly flexes the leg
52
what muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh? (6)
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
obturator externus
53
what is the main INN of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator Nerve (L2-4)
54
what main actions do the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh do?
adduct the hip, medially rotate
55
where is the pectineus?
pubis -> top part of femur
56
where is the adduct. longus?
pubis -> linea aspera
- inserts lower than adduct. brevis
57
where is the adduct. brevis?
pubis -> linea aspera
- inserts higher than adduct. longus
- below the adduct. longus
58
where is the adduct. magnus?
pubis -> entire shaft of femur
- below all the other adductor muscles
59
where is the gracilis?
pubis -> medial tibia
60
what are the two heads of the adductor magnus?
adductor part (superior)
hamstring part (inferior)
61
what are the INN exceptions for the medial compartment of the thigh?
pectineus = femoral n
adduct. magnus (hamstring) = tibial division of sciatic
62
what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh? (3)
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
63
what is the main nerve for the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Tibial Nerve (L5-S2)
64
what is the main action of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Extend hip
Flex knee
65
Where is the semitendinosus?
bottom of pelvis -> medial tibia
- above semimembranosus
- MEDIAL SIDE OF THIGH
66
Where is the semimembranosus?
bottom of pelvis -> medial tibia
- below semitendinosus
- MEDIAL SIDE OF THIGH
67
Where is the biceps femoris?
bottom of pelvis -> fibula
- LATERAL SIDE OF THIGH
68
what are the two heads of the biceps femoris?
Long Head (more medial)
Short Head (more lateral)
69
what is the INN exception for the posterior compartment of the thigh?
biceps femoris (short head) = common fibular n
70
what three muscles attach to the pes anserinus of the knee? what is the action of these muscles here?
semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius
- stabilizes the lateral knee
71
what muscles flex the hip?
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT (iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris)
- adductor longus & brevis = medial
72
what muscles extend the hip?
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT (semi's, biceps femoris)
- adductor magnus = medial
73
what muscles adduct the hip?
MEDIAL COMPARTMENT (pectineus, gracilis, adductors)
- quadratus femoris = butt
74
what muscles abduct the hip?
BUTT MUSCLES (glutes, piriformis, obturator, gemellus)
75
what muscles medially rotate the hip?
BUTT MUSCLES (glutes)
- semitend & mem = posterior
- adductor long & brevis = medial
76
what muscles laterally rotate the hip?
BUTT MUSCLES (glutes, piriformis, obturator, gemellus, quad)
77
where is the pubofemoral ligament?
attaches the pubis to femur
78
where is the iliofemoral ligament?
attaches hip to femur (on top of head)
- anterior side
79
where is the ischiofemoral ligament>
attaches hip to femur (on top of head)
- posterior side
80
what makes the cruciate anastomosis? (4)
- medial circumflex femoral a (deep femoral)
- lateral circumflex femoral a (deep femoral)
- first perforating a. (deep femoral)
- inferior gluteal (int. iliac)
81
what is important about the cruciate anastomosis?
these arteries come off of the deep femoral a. and internal iliac a. and has a branch that goes directly to the popliteal a.
- this allows for blood flow even if the femoral a. is obstructed
82
what is the blood flow of the thigh?
external iliac -> femoral (deep femoral) -> popliteal a.
internal iliac -> superior & inferior gluteal a., obturator a.
83
what blood supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral & deep femoral a
84
what blood supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator & deep femoral a.
85
what blood supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?
deep femoral a.
86
where is the ACL?
ANTERIOR of cross
- crosses from front of tibia to back of femur
- medial -> lateral
87
where is the PCL?
POSTERIOR of cross
- crosses from back of tibia to front of femur
- lateral -> medial
88
what is the function of the ACL?
prevent over extension of the knee
- prevents anterior displacement of tibia
89
what is the function of the PCL?
prevent over flexion of the knee
- prevents posterior displacement of tibia
90
where is the LCL? what's it's function?
lateral side of knee (connects femur to fibula)
- limits adduction of joint
- we don't want to be lookin like a frog
91
where is the MCL? what's it's function?
medial side of knee (connects femur to tibia)
- limits abduction of joint
- we don't want an inward knee (duck girl frrrr)
92
what is the unhappy triad of the knee?
torn MCL, ACL, medial meniscus
- occurs due to the tibia rotating medially (tears MCL) and hyperextension of the knee (tears ACL)
93
what are the three main muscles of the knee?
gastrocnemius
popliteus
plantaris
94
what nerve INN the knee muscles?
tibial n
95
what is the action of the three knee muscles?
flex knee
96
what muscles flex the knee?
POSTERIOR THIGH (semi, biceps)
- KNEE MUSCLES (gastroc, poplietus)
- sartorius = anterior
- gracilis = medial
97
what muscles extend the knee?
ANTERIOR THIGH (quad femoris)
98
what are the three ways you can stabilize an extended knee?
flat surfaces of femur & tibia together
shift gravity forward (pulls ACL)
lock knee joint (standing = med. rotate femur, sittiing = laterally rotate tibia)
99
what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
semitend / mem
lateral head of gastrocnemius
biceps femoris
medial head of gastrocnemius
100
what three things run through popliteal fossa?
tibial n.
popliteal v.
popliteal a.
101
what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg? (4)
tibialis anterior
ex. digitorum longus
ex. hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
102
what main nerve INN the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep Fibular n.
103
what are the main actions of the anterior compartment of the leg?
dorsiflex foot
extend toes & ankle
104
where is the tibialis anterior?
lateral tibia -> metatarsal 1
105
where is the ex. digitorum longus?
lateral tibia -> digits 2-5
106
where is the ex. hallucis longus?
top of fibula -> digit 1
- under ex. digitorum longus
107
where is the fibularis tertius?
bottom of fibula -> metatarsal 5
108
what are the lateral compartment leg muscles? (2)
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
109
what nerve INN the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial Fibular Nerve
110
what is the main action of the lateral compartment leg muscles?
Evert foot
Plantarflex
111
where is the fibularis longus?
top part of lateral fibula -> goes on top of foot from lateral side and crosses to medial side and attaches to metatarsal 1
112
where is fibularis brevis?
bottom part of lateral fibula (under longus) -> metatarsal 5
113
what are the posterior compartment of the leg muscles? (6)
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Flex. Digitorum Longus
Flex. Hallucis Longus
Tibialis Post.
114
what are the muscles of the triceps surae? (3)
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
115
what is the main nerve that INN the posterior compartment of the leg?
TIbial Nerve
116
what is the main actions of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Plantarflex Foot
Flex Toes & Ankle
Invert Foot
117
where is the gastrocnemius?
bottom of femur -> calcaneus
- two heads!!
118
where is the plantaris?
bottom of lateral femur -> calcaneus
- used as a harvest tendon!!
119
where is the soleus?
top of tibia (med) -> calcaneus
120
where is the tibialis posterior?
top of tibia & fibula -> navicular of foot (big toe, medial side)
- under all the posterior muscles!
121
where is the flex. digitorum longus?
tibia (med) -> digits 2-5
122
where is the flex. hallucis longus?
middle of fibula (lat) -> digit 1
123
what goes through the tarsal tunnel? (opening to the foot)
"Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry"
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior Tibial a.
Posterior Tibial v.
Tibial n.
Flexor Hallucis Longus
124
what is the talocrural joint?
tibia, talus
125
what is the subtalar joint?
talus, calcaneous
126
what is the midtarsal joint?
midfoot, forefoot
127
what is the MP joint?
metatarsal, phalanges
128
what is the IP joint?
b/w phalanges
- PIP (proximal, middle)
- DIP (distal, middle)
129
inversion vs eversion of foot
inversion: foot tilts inward (big toe off ground)
eversion: foot tilts outward (pinkie off ground)
130
abduct vs adduct of foot
abduct: foot pointed outwards
adduct: foot pointed inwards
131
pronation vs supination of foot
pro: eversion, dorsiflex, abduct (foot outward, up, away body)
sup: inversion, plantarflex, adduct (foot inward, down, toward body)
132
what joints of the foot can plantarflex and dorsiflex?
all of them
- talocrural
- midtarsal
- MP, IP
133
what joints of the foot can invert and evert?
not the toes
- subtalar
- midtarsal
134
what joints of the foot can abduct and adduct?
not the toes (lots of this is coming from knee)
- subtalar
- midtarsal
135
what muscles dorsiflex the foot?
ANTERIOR LEG COMPARTMENT (extensors)
136
what muscles plantarflex the foot?
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT (flexors)
- fibularis longus & brevis (lateral)
137
what muscles pronate the foot?
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT (lateral side muscles, ex digit & fibularis tertius)
LATERAL COMPARTMENT (fibularis long & brev)
138
what muscles supinate the foot?
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT (deep muscles, tibialis post, flex hall, flex digit)
- tibialis anterior
139
what is the plantar fascia?
superficial CT to protect sole of foot
- creates a plantar aponeurosis that is a central thickening that goes from the calcaneus to the toes
140
what muscles go to the pinkie toe on the posterior side?
abductor digit minmi
flexor digiti minimi
lumbricals
adductor hallucis
plantar & dorsal interossei
141
what muscles go to foot digits 2-4 on the posterior side?
flexor digitorum brevis & longus
lumbricals
adductor hallucis
plantar (not digit 2) & dorsal interossei (not digit 5, digit 2 gets 2)
142
what muscles go to foot digit 1 on the posterior side?
abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis & longus
adductor hallucis
143
what muscles go to the pinkie toe on the anterior side?
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius
144
what muscles go to foot digits 2-4 on the anterior side?
extensor digitorum longus
extensor digitorum brevis
145
what muscles go to foot digit 1 on the anterior side?
extensor hallucis longus
extensor hallucis brevis
146
what muscles are in the dorsal compartment of the foot?
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis
147
what INN the dorsal compartment foot muscles?
deep fibular n
148
what muscles are in the medial compartment of the foot? (big toe)
abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis
149
what INN the medial compartment foot muscles?
medial plantar n.
150
what muscles are in the lateral compartment of the foot?
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
151
what INN the lateral compartment foot muscles? (pinkie toe)
lateral plantar n.
152
what muscles are in the interosseous compartment of the foot?
plantar & dorsal interossei
153
what INN the interosseous compartment of the foot?
mainly lateral plantar n.
- some deep fibular n. for digits 2-3
154
what muscles are in the central compartment of the foot? (bottom of foot)
quadratus plantae
lumbricals
flexor digitorum brevis
155
what INN the central compartment of the foot?
quadratus planate = lateral plantar n
lumbricals = medial plantar (2), lateral plantar n (3-5)
flexor digitorum brevis = medial plantar n
156
what makes up the medial arch of the foot? what is the keystone of this arch?
*TALUS*
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
tibialis anterior
intrinsic muscles
157
what makes up the lateral arch of the foot? what is the keystone of this arch?
*CUBOID*
fibularis longus
intrinsic muscles
158
what makes up the transverse arch of the foot? what is the keystone of this arch?
*INTERMEDIATE CUNEIFORM*
tibialis posterior
fibularis longus
intrinsic muscles
159
where is the spring ligament? why is the ligament so important? what arch does this support?
tail of calcaneus -> navicular
- supports the head of the talus (which supports body weight)
- allows up to walk with a little spring in our step
- MEDIAL ARCH
160
where is the long plantar ligament? what arch does this support?
back of calcaneous to base of metatarsals 2-5
- LATERAL ARCH
161
where is the short plantar ligament? what arch does this support?
front of calcaneous to cuboid to support this joint
- LATERAL ARCH
162
what muscles give dynamic arch support?
tibialis posterior and anterior
flexor hallucis longus
fibularis longus
intrinstic muscles
163
what muscles give passive / static arch support?
plantar aponeurosis
short plantar ligament
long plantar ligament
spring ligament
164
what are the two ways pes plantus (flat feet) can develop?
- flexible flat feet = no arch when weight applied
- rigid flat feet = no arch w/ or w/o weight, bone deformity
165
how does flexible flat feet occur?
weak tibialis posterior
paralysis of superficial fibular n.
loosening of ligaments w/ age
166
what is the blood flow of the leg?
popliteal branches into anterior (lateral) & posterior (medial) tibial arteries
- post. tibial branches into fibular a.
167
what is the nerve flow of the leg?
tibial n. = medial plantar n., lateral plantar n.
168
what / where does the lateral plantar n. supply?
pinkie toe & half of 4th digit
169
what / where does the medial plantar n. supply?
big toe, digits 2-3, and half of digit 4
170
what muscles does the medial plantar n. supply?
abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis
flexor digitorum
first lumbrical
171
what blood supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
anterior tibial a.
172
what blood supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
anterior tibial a.
173
what blood supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
posterior tibial a.
174
what is the acromioclavicular ligament?
attaches acromion of scapula to the clavicle
175
what is the coraclavicular ligament?
attaches the clavicle to the coracoid of the scapula
176
what is the sternoclavicular ligament?
attaches the sternum to the clavicle
177
what is the interclavicular ligament?
b/w the sternum and clavicle, more of a cushion
178
what is the costoclavicular ligament?
attaches the costal cartilage to the clavicle
179
what movement causes a shoulder dislocation? where does the humerus usually end up because of this motion?
extending and laterally rotating arm
- goes anterior to glenoid and long head of triceps
180
what is shoulder separation? what two ligaments are most prone to tearing because of this? what action causes this?
clavicle to acromion (scapula) dislocation
- coraclavicular & acromioclavicular lig
- medially directed force acting on arm
181
what action do the upper fibers of the trapezius do?
extend head (pull back)
shrug shoulders (both or one at a time)
rotate face
182
what action do the middle fibers of the trapezius do?
retract scapula (bring together)
183
what action do the lower fibers of the trapezius do?
depress scapula
help upper fibers rotate scapula
elevate arm above head (90-180)
184
what is the INN of the trapezius?
accessory n
185
what action do the levator scapulae do?
elevate scapula
186
what is the INN of the levator scapulae?
dorsal scapular n
187
what action do the rhomboids do?
elevate & retract scapula
188
what is the INN of the rhomboids?
dorsal scapular n
189
what action do the latissimus dorsi do?
adduct arm
medial rotate arm
extend arm
190
what is the INN of the latissimus dorsi?
thoracodorsal n
191
what action does the pect. major do?
adduct arm
flex arm
extend arm
medial rotate arm
192
what is the INN of the pect. major?
lateral and medial pectoral n
193
what action does the pect. minor do?
rotate scapula
protract scapula (pull forward)
194
what is the INN of the pect. minor?
medial pectoral n
195
what action does the deltoid do?
abduct arm (15-90)
196
what is the INN of the deltoid?
axillary n
197
where is the subclavius? what does it do?
first rib to middle of clavicle
- depresses clavicle
198
what is the INN of the subclavius?
n. ot subclavius
199
where is the serratus anterior? what does it do?
ribs to middle scapula
- protract (pull forward) & rotate scapula
- PREVENTS winging
200
what is the INN of the serratus anterior?
long thoracic n.
201
what two nerves causes winged scapula?
damage to the accessory n. or long thoracic n.
202
what does damage to the accessory n. cause? how does this affect the severity of the winged scapula?
paralysis of trapezius
- winging not worse when you press against wall (dorsal pressure)
203
what does damage to the long thoracic n. cause? how does this affect the severity of the winged scapula?
paralysis of serratus anterior
- winging becomes worse with dorsal pressure
204
what side of the scapula is the subscapularis on? what does it do to the arm?
interior side
- medially rotates arm
205
what is the INN of the subscapularis?
subscapular n
206
what side of the scapula is the supraspinous on? what does it do to the arm?
posterior, on top
- abduct arm (first 15)
207
what is the INN of the supraspinous?
suprascapular n
208
what side of the scapula is the infraspinous on? what does it do to the arm?
posterior, on bottom
- laterally rotate arm
209
what is the INN of the infraspinous?
suprascapular n.
210
what action does the teres minor do? whats it's INN?
laterally rotate arm
- axillary n
211
what action does the teres major do? whats it's INN?
medially rotate arm
- subscapular n.
212
what nerve and blood vessel run right by the surgical neck of the humerus? (common spot for breaks)
axilllary n.
posterior circumflex humeral a.
213
where is the quadrangular space located? what goes through it?
below teres minor, humeral side of long head of triceps (lat)
- axillary n, posterior circumflex humeral a
214
where is the triangular space? what goes through it?
below teres minor, scapular side of long head of triceps (med)
- circumflex scapular a
215
where is the triangular interval located? what does through it?
below teres major, humeral side of long head of triceps (lat)
- radial n, deep brachial a
216
what branches does each of the three parts of the axillary artery give off?
1st = superior thoracic
2nd = thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic (UNDER PECT MINOR)
3rd = subscapular, ant. humeral circumflex, post. humeral circumflex
217
what is the general layout of the brachial plexus?
roots
trunks (upper, middle, lower)
divisions
cords (lateral, posterior, medial)
terminal nerves
218
what are the three trunks of the brachial plexus? what is their spinal level? what part of the axillary artery are the trunks at?
upper trunk C5,6
middle trunk C7
lower trunk C8, T1
* subclavian artery (before it becomes axillary) *
219
what are the four terminal nerves of the brachial plexus? spinal levels?
musculocutaneous C5-7
median C5-T1
ulnar C7-T1
radial C5-T1
220
what are the C5 root branches?
dorsal scapular n (rhomboids)
long thoracic n (serratus ant)
221
what are the branches off of the upper trunk?
suprascapular (supraspinatus, infraspinatus)
n. to subclavius (subclavius)
222
what are the branches off of the lateral cord? spinal level?
C5-7
lateral pectoral n. (pect major)
223
what are the branches off of the medial cord? spinal level?
C8-T1
medial pectoral n. (pect major & minor)
medial brachial cut.
medial antebrachial cut.
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what are the branches off of the posterior cord? spinal level?
C5-C8
axillary (deltoid, teres major)
superior subscapular (subscapularis)
thoracodorsal (lat dorsi)
inferior subscapular (subscapularis, teres major)
225
where in the brachial plexus is Erb's Palsy?
C5-C6 upper trunk
226
what main nerves does Erb's palsy affect? (4)
suprascapular
dorsal scapular
axillary
musculocutaneous
227
what muscles are paralyzed due to Erb's palsy? what action does this create?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
deltoid
teres minor
biceps
* causes medially rotated arm *
228
where in the brachial plexus is Klumpke's palsy?
C8-T1 lower trunk
229
what main nerve does klumpke's palsy affect?
ulnar n.
230
what muscles are paralyzed due to Klumpke's palsy? what action does the create?
intrinstic hand muscles
- CLAW HAND (picking up child by one arm)
231
what is nursemaid's elbow?
pulling on childs arm as they fall, elbow dislocates
- common in children due to less connected ligament (annular ring lig) to radius
232
what are the muscles of the anterior arm? (3)
biceps brachii (long, short heads)
coracobrachilais
brachialis
233
where is the biceps brachii?
scapula to radius (pinkie)
234
where is the coracobrachialis?
scapula to humerus
235
where is the brachialis?
humerus to ulna (thumb)
236
what nerve INN the anterior compartment of the arm?
musculocutaneous n. (C5-7)
237
what is the INN exception of the anterior compartment of the arm?
brachialis is ALSO inn by radial n.
238
what main action does the anterior compartment of the arm do?
flex forearm
239
what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the arm?
triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial heads)
240
where is the triceps brachii?
scapula to olecranon (ulna)
241
what is the INN of the posterior compartment of the arm?
radial n. C5-T1
242
what main action do the posterior compartment arm muscles do?
extend forearm
243
abduct vs adduct arm
abduct = arm away from body
adduct = arm towards body
244
flex vs extend arm
flex = arm in front of body
extend = arm behind body
245
what muscles abduct the arm?
supraspinatus (0-15)
deltoid (15-90)
trapezius (90-180)
serratus ant.
subscapularis
246
what muscles adduct the arm?
pect. major
lat. dorsi
teres major & minor
coracobrachialis
247
what muscles flex the arm?
deltoid
pect major
248
what muscles extend the arm?
deltoid
pect major
lat dorsii
teres major
some triceps (long head)
249
what muscles medially rotate the arm?
subscapularis
pect major
lat dorsi
teres major
250
what muscles laterally rotate arm?
infraspinatus
teres minor
251
what branches does the brachial a. give off in the arm?
deep brachial (radial collateral, middle collateral)
superior ulnar collateral
inferior ulnar collateral
radial
ulnar
252
what happens during an axillary n. neuropathy?
deltoid weakness (can't abduct 15-90)
253
what happens during radial neuropathy?
depends on break!!!
- towards top before it INN triceps = weak elbow extension (Crutch Palsy)
- towards bottom after it INN triceps = numbness in forearm
254
what happens during an ulnar neuropathy?
weak intrinsic hand muscles
ulnar claw hand
- can feel tingles on pinkie side of hand
255
what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
brachioradialis
pronator teres
b/w epidondyles
256
what runs through the cubital fossa?
"TAN"
- tendon of biceps
- brachial a.
- median n.
257
what artery runs right under the basilic vein? (important when giving IVs)
superficial ulnar a
258
what two main hand bones are part of the wrist joint?
scaphoid
lunate
259
what type of movement does the wrist joint have?
abduct, adduct, flex, extend
260
what type of movement does the midcarpal joint have? (proxiamal & distal ph)
limited flex, extend
261
what type of movement does the CMC joint have for digits 2-5? (metacarpal & hand bone)
very little motion
262
what type of movement does the CMC joint have for digit 1? (metacarpal & hand bone)
saddle shaped!
- flex, extend, abduct, adduct, opposition (bring thumb towards palm)
263
what type of movement does the MP joint have for digits 2-5?
flex, extend, abduct, adduct, circumduction
264
what type of movement does the MP joint have for digit 1?
hinge joint!
- flex, extend
265
what type of movement does the IP joint have for all the digits?
hinge joints!
- flex, extend
266
what branches does the ulnar artery give off?
common interosseous (anterior & posterior interosseous)
- runs to the superficial palmar arch & deep palmar arch
267
what muscles are in the superficial anterior forearm compartment? (4)
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
268
where is the pronator teres?
bottom of medial humeral head -> ulnar head (lateral)
269
where is the flexor carpi radialis?
bottom of medial humerus -> 2nd metacarpal (pointer)
270
where is the flexor carpi ulnaris?
bottom of medial humerus -> 5th metacarpal (pinkie)
271
where is the palmaris longus?
bottom of medial humerus -> palmar aponeurosis
272
what is the muscle in the intermediate anterior forearm compartment? (1)
flexor digitorum superficialis
273
where is the flexor digitorum superficialis?
top of ulna & radius -> 2-4 digits
274
what muscles are in the deep anterior forearm compartment? (3)
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor polliciis longus
pronator quadratus
275
where is the flexor digitorum profundus?
top of ulna (thumb) -> 2-4 digits
276
where is the flexor pollicis longus?
top of radius (pinkie) -> digit 1
277
where is the pronator quadratus?
bottom of ulna -> bottom of radius
278
what is the action of all anterior forearm compartment muscles?
flex & abduct wrist (& associated digits)
279
what is the INN of the anterior forearm compartment?
median n.
280
what is the INN exceptions for the anterior forearm compartment?
flexor carpi ulnaris = ulnar n.
flexor digitorum profundus = half is ulnar n.
* they are more towards the sides of the arm*
281
what are the muscles in the superficial posterior forearm compartment that has INN by the radial n?
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radilais brevis
282
where is the brachioradialis?
bottom of lateral humerus -> bottom of radius (lateral)
283
where is the extensor carpi radialis longus?
bottom of lateral humerus -> 2nd metacarpal
284
where is the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
bottom of lateral humerus -> 3rd metacarpal
285
what are the muscles in the superficial posterior forearm compartment that has INN by the posterior interosseous n? (3)
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor capri ulnaris
286
where is the extensor digitorum?
bottom of lateral humerus -> digits 2-5
287
where is the extensor digiti minimi?
bottom of lateral humerus -> digit 5 (pinkie)
288
where is the extensor carpi ulnaris?
bottom of lateral humerus -> 5th metacarpal
289
what are the muscles in the deep posterior forearm compartment? (5)
supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
290
what is the INN of the deep posterior forearm compartment?
posterior interosseous n
291
where is the supinator?
bottom of lateral humerus -> top of radius (lateral)
292
where is the abductor pollicis longus?
bottom of ulna -> palm of metacarpal 1 (thumb)
* crosses to anterior side and across *
293
where is the extensor pollicis brevis?
bottom of radius -> digit 1 (thumb)
294
where is the extensor pollicis longus?
bottom of ulna -> digit 1 (thumb)
* crosses over *
295
where is the extensor indicis?
bottom of ulna -> digit 2 (pointer)
296
what is the INN exception for the deep posterior forearm compartment?
supinator = deep branch of radial
297
what is the action of all the posterior forearm compartment muscles?
extend & abduct wrist (& associated digits)
298
supinate vs pronate forearm
supinate = palm up
pronate = palm down (twist radius over ulna)
299
what abducts the wrist?
flexor carpi radialis
extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
300
what adducts the wrist?
flexor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi ulnaris
301
what muscles extend the arm?
extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor capri ulnaris
302
what muscles flex the arm?
flexor capri radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum supficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
palmaris longus
303
what muscles supinate the arm?
biceps brachii
supinator
304
what muscles pronate the arm?
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
305
