Exam 4 Material Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Why is less known about sexual deviations?
A
- fewer researchers
- sex taboo
- controversial issues
- political climate
2
Q
What are 3 individual differences with sexual deviations?
A
- exposure to, or experience in, sexual behaviors
- values (prohibition of sexual expression outside of marriage)
- comfort with discussion
3
Q
What are the 2 criteria for “abnormal” sexuality?
A
- distress
- harm to self or others
4
Q
What are the 2 categories of sexual disorders?
A
- sexual dysfunctions: problems with sexual responses
- paraphilic disorders: sexual urges and fantasies in response to socially inappropriate objects or situations
5
Q
What is sexual dysfunction?
A
the disruption in the normal sexual response cycle
6
Q
What is the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions?
A
Men: 31%
Women: 43%
7
Q
What are the 4 types of sexual dysfunction?
A
- lifelong: their whole lives
- acquired: normal and then it wasn’t
- generalized: present during all sexual situations
- situational: tied to particular situations
8
Q
What are the four phases of the human sexual response?
A
- Desire
- Excitement/arousal
- orgasm
- resolution
9
Q
What are some differences between male and female sexual response cycle?
A
Male: desire phase is the longest phase, quick increase to orgasm phase and drops abruptly into resolution
Female: shorter desire phase, no automatic transition from orgasm to resolution, females may have multiple orgasms, doesn’t have to have an orgasm to enter resolution
10
Q
What are disorders of desire?
A
disorders involve a lack of interest in sex and little initiation of sexual activity
-urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, sexual attraction
11
Q
What is the prevalence of disorders of desire?
A
Men: 17%
Women: 20-30% of sexually active women, 44% post-menopausal
12
Q
What is the timeframe for all sexual dysfunction disorders?
A
Symptoms must be there for 6 months or more
13
Q
What are some biological causes of desire disorders?
A
- hormonal abnormalities: prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen
- high levels of serotonin and dopamine
- sex drive can be lowered by medications
14
Q
What are 4 psychological causes of disorders of desire?
A
- increase in anxiety, depression, or anger
- certain psychological disorders including depression and OCD
- Poor body image and low self-esteem
- fears, attitude, and memories (trauma)
15
Q
What are sociocultural causes of desire disorders?
A
- attitudes, fears, and psychological disorders/situational pressures
- cultural standards
- religious beliefs
16
Q
What are some treatments for desire disorders?
A
- these are the most difficult to treat
- therapists may apply a combination of techniques: emotional awareness, self-instruction training, behavioral techniques
- hormone treatments (testosterone, antidepressants)
17
Q
What are disorders of excitement/arousal?
A
- dysfunction with the subjective experience of sexual pleasure
18
Q
What are the two “f’s” for good sex?
A
- Fantasy
erotic thoughts
romance, intimacy, play, flirtation
-Friction
stimulation of genitals and other erogenous body parts
19
Q
What is Erectile Disorder? prevalence?
A
- persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
- must occur 75% or more of the time
- 7% ages 18-19, 18% ages 50-59, up to 90% on SSRIs
20
Q
What is Female sexual arousal disorder? prevelance
A
- absence of vaginal lubrication
- up to 30% of women (increases post-menopausal)
21
Q
What are biological causes of excitement disorders?
A
- hormonal imbalances
- vascular problems
damage to nervous system
may have psychological causes - use of certain medications or forms of substance abuse (alcohol)
22
Q
What are psychological causes of excitement disorders?
A
- same as disorder desires
-but also performance anxiety
23
Q
What are psychosocial interventions for arousal disorders?
A
- psychoeducation
- increasing sensation focus exercises, increasing effective stimulation
- lowering the stakes (goal is not an orgasm)
- behavioral rehearsal
24
Q
What are disorders of orgasm?
A
- dysfunction of the ability to have an orgasm
25
What is Early Ejaculation?
- Persistent reaching of orgasm and ejaculation within one minute of penetration
- typical of young men (inexperienced and/or following period of abstinence)
26
What are 3 psychological explanations for early ejaculation disorder?
- Anxiety
- hurried masturbation experiences (conditioned response)
- poor recognition of arousal
27
What are biological factors of Early ejaculation disorder?
men have a greater sensitivity in the genital area
higher levels of arousal to sexual stimuli
28
What are treatments for early ejaculation disorder?
- behavioral procedures
- medications (SSRIs)
29
What is Delayed ejaculation?
- Delayed or inability to ejaculate
- 3-10% of male population
- older men
30
What are psychological and biological causes of delayed ejaculation?
- psychological: performance anxiety and spectator role
- biological: low testosterone, neurological disease, head or spinal cord injury, medication
31
What are 3 treatments for delayed ejaculation?
- reduce performance anxiety
- increases stimulation
- couples therapy
32
What is Female orgasmic disorder?
- persistent failure to reach orgasm, experiencing orgasms of very low intensity, or delay in orgasm
33
What is the prevalence of female orgasmic disorder?
- 33% of women
- most common in ages 21-24
34
What are 4 treatments for female orgasmic disorder?
- distinguish between lifelong and situational
- CBT
- Self-exploration
- enhancement of body awareness
35
What are disorders of sexual pain?
- characterized by significant pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; tensing or tightening of pelvic floor; fear or anxiety about pain prior to or during penetration
36
What are treatments for sexual pain disorders?
- psychoeducation
- progressive relaxation
- vaginal dilators
37
What are Paraphilic disorders?
recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors
- abnormal targets of sexual attraction
- unusual courtship behaviors
- desire for pain and suffering of oneself or others
38
What is fetishism?
- arousal from nonliving objects or non-erogenous body parts
39
what is transvestic fetishism?
- arousal from cross-dressing
40
What is pedophilia?
- arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with prepubescent children
41
What is voyeurism?
- peeping Tom
- arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activities
42
What is exhibitionism?
- arousal from the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person w/o their consent
43
What is frotteurism?
- arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
44
What is sexual sadism?
- arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another
-serial killers
45
What is sexual masochism?
- arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
46
What are 5 causal factors of paraphilic disorders?
- male gender
- paraphilia usually begins at puberty
- strong sex drive
- multiple paraphilias
- dependence on visual sexual imagery for males (classical condition)
47
What is psychosis?
- a state defined by a loss of contact with reality
48
What are the 3 basics of schizophrenia?
- it is a THOUGHT disorder
- requires a biogenetic vulnerability
- may or may not involve psychosis
49
What are the 3 categories for schizophrenia symptoms? and examples
positive symptoms (add)
--disorder thinking, odd speech, hallucinations
negative symptoms (remove)
--restricted or flat affect, anhedonia, social withdrawal
psychomotor symptoms
--awkward movements, catatonia
50
What are 4 examples of disorganized thinking and speech?
- loose associations (derailment)
- neologisms (made-up words)
- perseveration (repeating)
- clang (rhymes)
51
What are delusions?
- faulty interpretations of reality; fixed and firmly held beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
52
What are 5 delusions?
- persecution: being targeted by someone or something
- grandeur: they are someone of extreme importance
- reference: neutral external events are believed to have special meaning
- control: their thoughts and actions have been taken over by an outside force
-Thoughts insertion, withdrawal, or broadcasting
53
What are heightened perceptions?
- people feel that their senses are being flooded by sights and sounds
54
What are hallucinations?
- sensory perceptions that occur in the ABSENCE of external stimuli
55
What is inappropriate affect?
- emotions that are unsuited to the situation
56
What are negative symptoms?
- "pathological deficits" that are characteristics that are lacking in an individual
57
What is poverty of speech?
- alogia
- reduction of quantity of speech or speech content
58
What is restricted/flat affect?
- shows less emotion
- avoids eye contact
- expressionless face
- monotonous voice
- anhedonia
59
What is loss of volition?
- loss of motivation or directedness
60
What are the 5 symptoms for DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?
- 2+ symptoms (1 must be either of the first 3)
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- disordered or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
61
How long must signs of disturbance persist for schizophrenia?
6+ months
62
What is Schizophreniform disorder?
- symptoms of schizophrenia
- duration: min 1 month, max 6 months
63
What is brief psychotic disorder?
- sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior
- less than one month
- returns to normal speech after
- triggered by high stress
64
What is schizoaffective disorder?
- schizophrenia + severe mood disorder
- schizophrenia MUST be presence in the absence of a mood disorder
65
What is delusional disorder?
- firmly hold beliefs that others consider false or absurd
- 1+ delusion present for 1+ months
- lack other schizophrenia symptoms
66
What are the 3 types of delusions?
- erotomania: believes another person is in love with him/her, will attempt to contact person (stalking common)
- jealous: believes his/her partner is unfaithful
- persecutory: believes they are being mistreated, someone is spying on them, or planning to harm them
67
What is the prevalence of Schizophrenia?
- 1% of population (rare)
- more frequent at lower SES
- male > female
- age of onset:
--male: 20-24
--female: 20-24, 40, 60
68
What is the difference between schizophrenia type 1 and type 2?
- type 1: dominated by positive symptoms, biochemical abnormalities in the brain
- type 2: dominated by negative symptoms, structural abnormalities in the brain
69
What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?
- prodromal: beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms
- active: symptoms become more apparent/dramatic
- residual: resolution of some but not all symptoms
70
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Diathesis = vulnerability
- People with a biological predisposition may develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of stressors or events are also present
71
What is the genetic factor of schizophrenia?
- the more closely a person is related to someone with schizophrenia, the greater their likelihood for developing the disorder
72
What are the 3 factors for the biological model of schizophrenia?
- Genetics: schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder
- biochemical abnormalities
- abnormal brain structure
73
What is the Dopamine Model of Schizophrenia?
- too much dopamine or too active dopamine receptors
- amphetamine use releases dopamine --> psychotic symptoms
74
What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?
- certain substances block glutamate receptors --> psychotic symptoms
- lack of activity at glutamate receptors may result in subtle brain damage
75
What is the neurotransmitter model of schizophrenia?
- dopamine and glutamate hypothesis works together
- dopamine inhibits the release of glutamate
76
What is the brain structure model?
- there are clear brain structural abnormalities in the schizophrenic brain
77
What are 3 other biological explanations for schizophrenia?
- viral infection
- early nutritional deficiencies and maternal stress
- pregnancy and birth complications (restriction of blood flow to brain)
*all correlational risk factors
78
What are the limitations of the biological model of schizophrenia?
- biological model does not explain everything
- additional psychological and sociocultural stressors
79
What in a family system may lead to schizophrenia?
Current theory:
- adoption studies:
◦ Genetic vulnerability + dysfunctional family environment = increased risk of developing schizophrenia
◦ Genetic vulnerability + healthy family environment = reduced/low risk of developing schizophrenia
80
How does Expressed Emotion play into schizophrenia?
High Expressed Emotion families demonstrate more
-criticism (dislike or disapprove)
- hostility
- emotional overinvolvement
to the schizophrenic family member
81
What are 3 other factors for developing schizophrenia?
- urban living (low ses, stress, toxins)
- immigration (stress)
- cannabis use and abuse
82
What were token economy programs from treatment of schizophrenia?
- patients are rewarded when the behave in socially acceptable ways
- rewards in the form of tokens that can be exchanged for food, cigarettes, privileges, and other desirable objects
83
What medications are used for treatment of schizophrenia?
-1st developed: "typical antipsychotics"
--> block dopamine receptors
- newer antipsychotic drugs "atypical antipsychotics": cause fewer side effect
84
What are some side effects of antipsychotic drugs?
"typical:"
- "extrapyramidal effects"
--muscle tremor and rigidity
-tardive dyskinesia involves tic-like involuntary movements
"atypical"
-drowsiness and weight gain
-affects white blood cell count
85
What is the goal of CBT with schizophrenia?
- change how individuals view and react to their psychotic experiences
86
What are 3 other non-medication treatments to schizophrenia?
- family therapy
- Socialization Therapy: address social and personal difficulties
- Community Approach
87
What are 4 reasons for why young children are vulnerable to psychological problems?
- don't have complex and realistic view of themselves and the world
-immediate threats seem disproportionately more important
-lack of experience --> problems are insurmountable
-more dependent
88
What is the prevalence rate for childhood and adolescence disorders?
- nearly 50%
- mostly boys > girls
89
What is childhood anxiety disorder?
- anxiety is, to a degree, a normal and common part of childhood
- dominated by behavioral and somatic symptoms
--upset stomach, headache, fatigue
- higher among girls
90
What are 5 characteristics of childhood anxiety disorders?
- unrealistic fears
- oversensitivity
- self-consciousness
- nightmares
- chronic anxiety
91
What is separation anxiety disorder?
- excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures
92
What are 5 treatments for childhood anxiety?
- medication (benzos)
- behavioral therapy
- CBT
- family therapies
- play therapy
93
What are childhood mood problems?
- more common in adolescence and in girls (after 13)
-characterized by such symptoms as headaches,
stomach pain, IRRITABILITY, and a disinterest in toys and games
94
What is the prevalence of childhood mood problems?
Depression: common, more common in adolescence then children
Bipolar: less common
Suicidal thoughts ad attempts are particularly common
95
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
- a diagnosis for children with severe patterns of rage
- childhood bipolar label was over-applied
96
What are 3 causal factors for childhood mood disorders?
- biological and learning factors
- exposure to trauma
- parental negative emotion/behaviors
97
What are 4 treatments for childhood mood disorders?
- antidepressant medications
- medication plus psychotherapy
- supportive emotional environment
- CBT
98
What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)? age of onset?
Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior
toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months
- more common in boys
- begins by age 8
99
What are the 3 subtypes of ODD?
- angry/irritable mood
- argumentative/defiant behavior
- vindictiveness
100
What are causal risks for ODD?
- family discord
-socioeconomic disadvantage
- parental antisocial behavior
101
What is Conduct Disorder (CD)? age of onset?
Persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
- age of onset: 12
- more common in boys
102
What are some factors for CD?
- genetic and biological factors
- drug abuse
- poverty
- trauma
- issues in family life
103
What are the differences between ODD and CD?
- ODD: argumentative, defiant, angry and irritable
- CD: more severe. Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
104
What are possible causes of ODD and CD?
- biological factors
- personal pathology
- family patterns
- peer relationships
105
What are some effective and ineffective treatments for ODD and CD?
- ineffective: talk therapy, punitive treatments
- effective treatments: cohesive family model and behavioral techniques
106
What is Enuresis?
- Repeated involuntary bedwetting or wetting of one’s clothes
- must be at least 5 years of age
107
What are causes of enuresis?
- faulty learning
- immaturity
- disturbed family
- stress
108
What is Encopresis?
- repeatedly defecating in one's clothing
- less common that enuresis
- starts after the age of 4
- more common in boys
109
What are 3 theories for the cause of elimination disorders?
- psychodynamic: symptom of broader anxiety
- family theorist: disturbed family interactions
- behaviorists: result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training
110
What are treatments for elimination disorders?
- behavioral therapy: awareness of proprioceptive cues, conditioning procedures
- medication
111
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
- A group of conditions characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be
the result of disruptions to normal brain development
-brain wiring
- must have onset during childhood
112
What is ADHD?
- children have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave over-actively and impulsively, or both
- boys > girls
- symptoms before the age of 12
113
What are causes for ADHD?
- biological causes
- abnormal dopamine activity
- abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions
- social-environmental events
114
What are some treatments for ADHD?
- medications: stimulant or non-stimulant drugs
- behavior therapy: teaching parents/teachers strategies to reduce over-stimulation
115
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Children have a wide range of problematic behaviors:
- social deficit
- absence of speech
- self-stimulation
- maintaining sameness
Symptoms before age 3
boys > girls
116
What are 2 communication problems for ASD?
- echolalia: exact echoing f phrases spoken by others
- pronominal reversal: confusion of pronouns
117
What are causes of ASD?
- genetics and brain abnormalities
- decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
- increased activation in ventral occipitotemporal regions
118
What are not causes of ASD?
- vaccines
- environmental, psychological, and sociological causes
119
What are 3 treatments for ASD?
- behavioral therapy: teach new behaviors through modeling and operant conditioning
- communication training
- parent training
