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PBSI 306: Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Why is less known about sexual deviations?

A
  • fewer researchers
  • sex taboo
  • controversial issues
  • political climate
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2
Q

What are 3 individual differences with sexual deviations?

A
  • exposure to, or experience in, sexual behaviors
  • values (prohibition of sexual expression outside of marriage)
  • comfort with discussion
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3
Q

What are the 2 criteria for “abnormal” sexuality?

A
  • distress
  • harm to self or others
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4
Q

What are the 2 categories of sexual disorders?

A
  • sexual dysfunctions: problems with sexual responses
  • paraphilic disorders: sexual urges and fantasies in response to socially inappropriate objects or situations
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5
Q

What is sexual dysfunction?

A

the disruption in the normal sexual response cycle

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6
Q

What is the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions?

A

Men: 31%
Women: 43%

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of sexual dysfunction?

A
  • lifelong: their whole lives
  • acquired: normal and then it wasn’t
  • generalized: present during all sexual situations
  • situational: tied to particular situations
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8
Q

What are the four phases of the human sexual response?

A
  • Desire
  • Excitement/arousal
  • orgasm
  • resolution
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9
Q

What are some differences between male and female sexual response cycle?

A

Male: desire phase is the longest phase, quick increase to orgasm phase and drops abruptly into resolution
Female: shorter desire phase, no automatic transition from orgasm to resolution, females may have multiple orgasms, doesn’t have to have an orgasm to enter resolution

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10
Q

What are disorders of desire?

A

disorders involve a lack of interest in sex and little initiation of sexual activity
-urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, sexual attraction

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of disorders of desire?

A

Men: 17%
Women: 20-30% of sexually active women, 44% post-menopausal

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12
Q

What is the timeframe for all sexual dysfunction disorders?

A

Symptoms must be there for 6 months or more

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13
Q

What are some biological causes of desire disorders?

A
  • hormonal abnormalities: prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen
  • high levels of serotonin and dopamine
  • sex drive can be lowered by medications
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14
Q

What are 4 psychological causes of disorders of desire?

A
  • increase in anxiety, depression, or anger
  • certain psychological disorders including depression and OCD
  • Poor body image and low self-esteem
  • fears, attitude, and memories (trauma)
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15
Q

What are sociocultural causes of desire disorders?

A
  • attitudes, fears, and psychological disorders/situational pressures
  • cultural standards
  • religious beliefs
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16
Q

What are some treatments for desire disorders?

A
  • these are the most difficult to treat
  • therapists may apply a combination of techniques: emotional awareness, self-instruction training, behavioral techniques
  • hormone treatments (testosterone, antidepressants)
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17
Q

What are disorders of excitement/arousal?

A
  • dysfunction with the subjective experience of sexual pleasure
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18
Q

What are the two “f’s” for good sex?

A
  • Fantasy
    erotic thoughts
    romance, intimacy, play, flirtation

-Friction
stimulation of genitals and other erogenous body parts

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19
Q

What is Erectile Disorder? prevalence?

A
  • persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
  • must occur 75% or more of the time
  • 7% ages 18-19, 18% ages 50-59, up to 90% on SSRIs
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20
Q

What is Female sexual arousal disorder? prevelance

A
  • absence of vaginal lubrication
  • up to 30% of women (increases post-menopausal)
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21
Q

What are biological causes of excitement disorders?

A
  • hormonal imbalances
  • vascular problems
    damage to nervous system
    may have psychological causes
  • use of certain medications or forms of substance abuse (alcohol)
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22
Q

What are psychological causes of excitement disorders?

A
  • same as disorder desires
    -but also performance anxiety
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23
Q

What are psychosocial interventions for arousal disorders?

A
  • psychoeducation
  • increasing sensation focus exercises, increasing effective stimulation
  • lowering the stakes (goal is not an orgasm)
  • behavioral rehearsal
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24
Q

What are disorders of orgasm?

A
  • dysfunction of the ability to have an orgasm
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25
Q

What is Early Ejaculation?

A
  • Persistent reaching of orgasm and ejaculation within one minute of penetration
  • typical of young men (inexperienced and/or following period of abstinence)
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26
Q

What are 3 psychological explanations for early ejaculation disorder?

A
  • Anxiety
  • hurried masturbation experiences (conditioned response)
  • poor recognition of arousal
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27
Q

What are biological factors of Early ejaculation disorder?

A

men have a greater sensitivity in the genital area
higher levels of arousal to sexual stimuli

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28
Q

What are treatments for early ejaculation disorder?

A
  • behavioral procedures
  • medications (SSRIs)
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29
Q

What is Delayed ejaculation?

A
  • Delayed or inability to ejaculate
  • 3-10% of male population
  • older men
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30
Q

What are psychological and biological causes of delayed ejaculation?

A
  • psychological: performance anxiety and spectator role
  • biological: low testosterone, neurological disease, head or spinal cord injury, medication
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31
Q

What are 3 treatments for delayed ejaculation?

A
  • reduce performance anxiety
  • increases stimulation
  • couples therapy
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32
Q

What is Female orgasmic disorder?

A
  • persistent failure to reach orgasm, experiencing orgasms of very low intensity, or delay in orgasm
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33
Q

What is the prevalence of female orgasmic disorder?

A
  • 33% of women
  • most common in ages 21-24
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34
Q

What are 4 treatments for female orgasmic disorder?

A
  • distinguish between lifelong and situational
  • CBT
  • Self-exploration
  • enhancement of body awareness
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35
Q

What are disorders of sexual pain?

A
  • characterized by significant pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; tensing or tightening of pelvic floor; fear or anxiety about pain prior to or during penetration
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36
Q

What are treatments for sexual pain disorders?

A
  • psychoeducation
  • progressive relaxation
  • vaginal dilators
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37
Q

What are Paraphilic disorders?

A

recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors
- abnormal targets of sexual attraction
- unusual courtship behaviors
- desire for pain and suffering of oneself or others

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38
Q

What is fetishism?

A
  • arousal from nonliving objects or non-erogenous body parts
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39
Q

what is transvestic fetishism?

A
  • arousal from cross-dressing
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40
Q

What is pedophilia?

A
  • arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with prepubescent children
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41
Q

What is voyeurism?

A
  • peeping Tom
  • arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activities
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42
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A
  • arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person w/o their consent
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43
Q

What is frotteurism?

A
  • arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
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44
Q

What is sexual sadism?

A
  • arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another
    -serial killers
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45
Q

What is sexual masochism?

A
  • arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
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46
Q

What are 5 causal factors of paraphilic disorders?

A
  • male gender
  • paraphilia usually begins at puberty
  • strong sex drive
  • multiple paraphilias
  • dependence on visual sexual imagery for males (classical condition)
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47
Q

What is psychosis?

A
  • a state defined by a loss of contact with reality
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48
Q

What are the 3 basics of schizophrenia?

A
  • it is a THOUGHT disorder
  • requires a biogenetic vulnerability
  • may or may not involve psychosis
49
Q

What are the 3 categories for schizophrenia symptoms? and examples

A

positive symptoms (add)
–disorder thinking, odd speech, hallucinations
negative symptoms (remove)
–restricted or flat affect, anhedonia, social withdrawal
psychomotor symptoms
–awkward movements, catatonia

50
Q

What are 4 examples of disorganized thinking and speech?

A
  • loose associations (derailment)
  • neologisms (made-up words)
  • perseveration (repeating)
  • clang (rhymes)
51
Q

What are delusions?

A
  • faulty interpretations of reality; fixed and firmly held beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
52
Q

What are 5 delusions?

A
  • persecution: being targeted by someone or something
  • grandeur: they are someone of extreme importance
  • reference: neutral external events are believed to have special meaning
  • control: their thoughts and actions have been taken over by an outside force
    -Thoughts insertion, withdrawal, or broadcasting
53
Q

What are heightened perceptions?

A
  • people feel that their senses are being flooded by sights and sounds
54
Q

What are hallucinations?

A
  • sensory perceptions that occur in the ABSENCE of external stimuli
55
Q

What is inappropriate affect?

A
  • emotions that are unsuited to the situation
56
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A
  • “pathological deficits” that are characteristics that are lacking in an individual
57
Q

What is poverty of speech?

A
  • alogia
  • reduction of quantity of speech or speech content
58
Q

What is restricted/flat affect?

A
  • shows less emotion
  • avoids eye contact
  • expressionless face
  • monotonous voice
  • anhedonia
59
Q

What is loss of volition?

A
  • loss of motivation or directedness
60
Q

What are the 5 symptoms for DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?

A
  • 2+ symptoms (1 must be either of the first 3)
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • disordered or catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms
61
Q

How long must signs of disturbance persist for schizophrenia?

A

6+ months

62
Q

What is Schizophreniform disorder?

A
  • symptoms of schizophrenia
  • duration: min 1 month, max 6 months
63
Q

What is brief psychotic disorder?

A
  • sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior
  • less than one month
  • returns to normal speech after
  • triggered by high stress
64
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A
  • schizophrenia + severe mood disorder
  • schizophrenia MUST be presence in the absence of a mood disorder
65
Q

What is delusional disorder?

A
  • firmly hold beliefs that others consider false or absurd
  • 1+ delusion present for 1+ months
  • lack other schizophrenia symptoms
66
Q

What are the 3 types of delusions?

A
  • erotomania: believes another person is in love with him/her, will attempt to contact person (stalking common)
  • jealous: believes his/her partner is unfaithful
  • persecutory: believes they are being mistreated, someone is spying on them, or planning to harm them
67
Q

What is the prevalence of Schizophrenia?

A
  • 1% of population (rare)
  • more frequent at lower SES
  • male > female
  • age of onset:
    –male: 20-24
    –female: 20-24, 40, 60
68
Q

What is the difference between schizophrenia type 1 and type 2?

A
  • type 1: dominated by positive symptoms, biochemical abnormalities in the brain
  • type 2: dominated by negative symptoms, structural abnormalities in the brain
69
Q

What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?

A
  • prodromal: beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms
  • active: symptoms become more apparent/dramatic
  • residual: resolution of some but not all symptoms
70
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Diathesis = vulnerability
- People with a biological predisposition may develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of stressors or events are also present

71
Q

What is the genetic factor of schizophrenia?

A
  • the more closely a person is related to someone with schizophrenia, the greater their likelihood for developing the disorder
72
Q

What are the 3 factors for the biological model of schizophrenia?

A
  • Genetics: schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder
  • biochemical abnormalities
  • abnormal brain structure
73
Q

What is the Dopamine Model of Schizophrenia?

A
  • too much dopamine or too active dopamine receptors
  • amphetamine use releases dopamine –> psychotic symptoms
74
Q

What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A
  • certain substances block glutamate receptors –> psychotic symptoms
  • lack of activity at glutamate receptors may result in subtle brain damage
75
Q

What is the neurotransmitter model of schizophrenia?

A
  • dopamine and glutamate hypothesis works together
  • dopamine inhibits the release of glutamate
76
Q

What is the brain structure model?

A
  • there are clear brain structural abnormalities in the schizophrenic brain
77
Q

What are 3 other biological explanations for schizophrenia?

A
  • viral infection
  • early nutritional deficiencies and maternal stress
  • pregnancy and birth complications (restriction of blood flow to brain)

*all correlational risk factors

78
Q

What are the limitations of the biological model of schizophrenia?

A
  • biological model does not explain everything
  • additional psychological and sociocultural stressors
79
Q

What in a family system may lead to schizophrenia?

A

Current theory:
- adoption studies:
◦ Genetic vulnerability + dysfunctional family environment = increased risk of developing schizophrenia
◦ Genetic vulnerability + healthy family environment = reduced/low risk of developing schizophrenia

80
Q

How does Expressed Emotion play into schizophrenia?

A

High Expressed Emotion families demonstrate more
-criticism (dislike or disapprove)
- hostility
- emotional overinvolvement
to the schizophrenic family member

81
Q

What are 3 other factors for developing schizophrenia?

A
  • urban living (low ses, stress, toxins)
  • immigration (stress)
  • cannabis use and abuse
82
Q

What were token economy programs from treatment of schizophrenia?

A
  • patients are rewarded when the behave in socially acceptable ways
  • rewards in the form of tokens that can be exchanged for food, cigarettes, privileges, and other desirable objects
83
Q

What medications are used for treatment of schizophrenia?

A

-1st developed: “typical antipsychotics”
–> block dopamine receptors
- newer antipsychotic drugs “atypical antipsychotics”: cause fewer side effect

84
Q

What are some side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

A

“typical:”
- “extrapyramidal effects”
–muscle tremor and rigidity
-tardive dyskinesia involves tic-like involuntary movements

“atypical”
-drowsiness and weight gain
-affects white blood cell count

85
Q

What is the goal of CBT with schizophrenia?

A
  • change how individuals view and react to their psychotic experiences
86
Q

What are 3 other non-medication treatments to schizophrenia?

A
  • family therapy
  • Socialization Therapy: address social and personal difficulties
  • Community Approach
87
Q

What are 4 reasons for why young children are vulnerable to psychological problems?

A
  • don’t have complex and realistic view of themselves and the world
    -immediate threats seem disproportionately more important
    -lack of experience –> problems are insurmountable
    -more dependent
88
Q

What is the prevalence rate for childhood and adolescence disorders?

A
  • nearly 50%
  • mostly boys > girls
89
Q

What is childhood anxiety disorder?

A
  • anxiety is, to a degree, a normal and common part of childhood
  • dominated by behavioral and somatic symptoms
    –upset stomach, headache, fatigue
  • higher among girls
90
Q

What are 5 characteristics of childhood anxiety disorders?

A
  • unrealistic fears
  • oversensitivity
  • self-consciousness
  • nightmares
  • chronic anxiety
91
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A
  • excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures
92
Q

What are 5 treatments for childhood anxiety?

A
  • medication (benzos)
  • behavioral therapy
  • CBT
  • family therapies
  • play therapy
93
Q

What are childhood mood problems?

A
  • more common in adolescence and in girls (after 13)
    -characterized by such symptoms as headaches,
    stomach pain, IRRITABILITY, and a disinterest in toys and games
94
Q

What is the prevalence of childhood mood problems?

A

Depression: common, more common in adolescence then children
Bipolar: less common
Suicidal thoughts ad attempts are particularly common

95
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A
  • a diagnosis for children with severe patterns of rage
  • childhood bipolar label was over-applied
96
Q

What are 3 causal factors for childhood mood disorders?

A
  • biological and learning factors
  • exposure to trauma
  • parental negative emotion/behaviors
97
Q

What are 4 treatments for childhood mood disorders?

A
  • antidepressant medications
  • medication plus psychotherapy
  • supportive emotional environment
  • CBT
98
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)? age of onset?

A

Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior
toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months
- more common in boys
- begins by age 8

99
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of ODD?

A
  • angry/irritable mood
  • argumentative/defiant behavior
  • vindictiveness
100
Q

What are causal risks for ODD?

A
  • family discord
    -socioeconomic disadvantage
  • parental antisocial behavior
101
Q

What is Conduct Disorder (CD)? age of onset?

A

Persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
- age of onset: 12
- more common in boys

102
Q

What are some factors for CD?

A
  • genetic and biological factors
  • drug abuse
  • poverty
  • trauma
  • issues in family life
103
Q

What are the differences between ODD and CD?

A
  • ODD: argumentative, defiant, angry and irritable
  • CD: more severe. Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
104
Q

What are possible causes of ODD and CD?

A
  • biological factors
  • personal pathology
  • family patterns
  • peer relationships
105
Q

What are some effective and ineffective treatments for ODD and CD?

A
  • ineffective: talk therapy, punitive treatments
  • effective treatments: cohesive family model and behavioral techniques
106
Q

What is Enuresis?

A
  • Repeated involuntary bedwetting or wetting of one’s clothes
  • must be at least 5 years of age
107
Q

What are causes of enuresis?

A
  • faulty learning
  • immaturity
  • disturbed family
  • stress
108
Q

What is Encopresis?

A
  • repeatedly defecating in one’s clothing
  • less common that enuresis
  • starts after the age of 4
  • more common in boys
109
Q

What are 3 theories for the cause of elimination disorders?

A
  • psychodynamic: symptom of broader anxiety
  • family theorist: disturbed family interactions
  • behaviorists: result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training
110
Q

What are treatments for elimination disorders?

A
  • behavioral therapy: awareness of proprioceptive cues, conditioning procedures
  • medication
111
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A
  • A group of conditions characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be
    the result of disruptions to normal brain development
    -brain wiring
  • must have onset during childhood
112
Q

What is ADHD?

A
  • children have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave over-­actively and impulsively, or both
  • boys > girls
  • symptoms before the age of 12
113
Q

What are causes for ADHD?

A
  • biological causes
  • abnormal dopamine activity
  • abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions
  • social-environmental events
114
Q

What are some treatments for ADHD?

A
  • medications: stimulant or non-stimulant drugs
  • behavior therapy: teaching parents/teachers strategies to reduce over-stimulation
115
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Children have a wide range of problematic behaviors:
- social deficit
- absence of speech
- self-stimulation
- maintaining sameness
Symptoms before age 3
boys > girls

116
Q

What are 2 communication problems for ASD?

A
  • echolalia: exact echoing f phrases spoken by others
  • pronominal reversal: confusion of pronouns
117
Q

What are causes of ASD?

A
  • genetics and brain abnormalities
  • decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
  • increased activation in ventral occipitotemporal regions
118
Q

What are not causes of ASD?

A
  • vaccines
  • environmental, psychological, and sociological causes
119
Q

What are 3 treatments for ASD?

A
  • behavioral therapy: teach new behaviors through modeling and operant conditioning
  • communication training
  • parent training

PBSI 306: Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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