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ARCHIVED: Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Reproductive > Flashcards

Exam 4: Reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

Alternate names for mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts:

A

Meso: Wolffian
Parameso: Mullerian

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2
Q

Development of male fetus:

A

Y chromosome produces anti-mullerian hormone
Causes paramesonephric duct to shrivel
Preserves mesonephric duct

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3
Q

Development of female fetus:

A

Anti-wolffian hormone causes mesonephric duct to shrivel

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4
Q

Development of external genitalia is based on:

A

Androgen levels

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5
Q

Pathway sperm travel through:

A 
Testis
Ductus epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
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6
Q

Glands of the male tract:

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)

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7
Q

Types of cells in the seminferous tubules:

A

Sertoli

Spermatagonia

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8
Q

Interstitial cells in the testes:

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

Reason for fat deposits in the testes:

A

Need fat for cholesterol for steroids like testosterone!

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10
Q

Effect of exogenous testosterone on the testes:

A

They will shrink

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11
Q

Role of Sertoli cells:

A

Support cells that provide growth factors and nutrients for developing sperm cells, influenced by testosterone

Sertoli = FSH
Leydig = LH
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12
Q

One spermatogonium becomes:

A

One daughter spermatogonium

One daughter spermatocyte → 4 sperm

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13
Q

Inhibin and activin are:

A

Testicular hormones that inhibit/promote FSH secretion in the pituitary

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14
Q

LH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

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15
Q

FSH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to Support Sperm production

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16
Q

Testosterone + FSH effect in the testes:

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of benign prostate hyperplasia:

A

Epithelial cells over-replicate and push on capsule, which compresses the urethra

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18
Q

Prostate cancer basics:

A

Very slow growing and rarely lethal

Most common metastasis sites are lymph nodes, bones, liver, adrenals

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19
Q

Four zones of the prostate:

A

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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20
Q

BPH usually starts in the:

A

Central zone

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21
Q

Prostate carcinoma usually begins in the:

A

Peripheral zone

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22
Q

Digital rectal exam can feel:

A

Prostate carcinoma

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23
Q

Bacteria responsible for chlamydia:

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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24
Q

Bacteria responsible for gonorrhea:

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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25
Bacteria responsible for syphilis:
Treponema pallidum
26
Bacteria responsible for chancroid:
Haemophilus ducreyi
27
S/s of syphilis:
Painless lesions/ulcerations
28
Microscopy of syphilis:
Spirochetes on darkfield
29
HHV strain that causes genital herpes:
HHV-2
30
S/s of genital herpes:
Painful superficial lesions that begin as vesicles and re-occur in the same place
31
HHV strain that causes cold sores and the nerve it prefers:
HHV-1; trigeminal
32
S/s of chancroid:
Wider, deeper, painful ulcers
33
Genital ulcers, in order of smallest to deepest:
Herpes Syphilis Chancroid
34
Incidence of chlamydia:
10% of women 15-24yo
35
S/s of chlamydia:
Often asymptomatic Can cause PID Scars the fallopian tubes and causes infertility
36
Strains of HPV that cause warts:
6, 11, etc
37
Tx of genital warts:
Burning Freezing Acid
38
S/s of gonorrhea:
♂ Yellow/white discharge from penis ♀ Yellow/greenish discharge Pain/burning during urination
39
Tx of gonorrhea:
Abx (pcn)
40
Organism behind trichomonas:
Protozoan; trichomonas vaginalis
41
S/s of trichomonas:
♂ Asymptomatic | ♀ ↑ pH in vagina to 5-6; ↑ in concurrent infections
42
S/s of scabies:
Itching!! especially in soft, moist, intertriginous regions (groin, axilla, etc)
43
Crabs are caused by:
Phthirus pubis / pubic louse
44
Order of follicle development in ovary:
Primordial → primary → secondary → Graafian (mature)
45
Every month this many primordial follicles start growing:
About a dozen
46
Stimulus for follicle to burst:
Spike in LH/progesterone and ↑ collagenase
47
After ovulation, follicle becomes:
Corpus luteum, then corpus albicans (small scar)
48
Ideally sperm meets egg at:
Ampulla of fallopian tube
49
Cumulus oophorus is:
Cells surrounding egg that remain around egg after release
50
Antrum layer is:
Fluid filled layer of follicle, very high in estrogen, that will not let follicle develop
51
Granulosa layer is:
Closest to the egg; converts androgens to estrogens from the theca interna
52
Theca internal layer is:
Producer of androgens; LH receptors
53
Theca externa layer is:
Connective tissue; must be ripped through to ovulate
54
LH effect in ovaries:
Stimulates the theca interna cells to produce androgens
55
FSH effect in ovaries:
Stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgen to estrogen and support egg development
56
FSH effect in ovaries:
Stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgen to estrogen and support egg development
57
Events of preovulatory/follicular/proliferative phase:
*Estrogen driven* | FSH stimulates follicles and promotes development of endometrium, produces estrogen which stimulates egg
58
Events of midcycle:
Big surge of LH, FSH, estrogen; follicle ruptures
59
Events of post-ovulatory/luteal/secretory phase:
*LH driven* | Follicle becomes corpus luteum and produces progesterone/estrogen
60
Role of progesterone:
Supports the endometrium until implantation
61
Estrogen's effects on pre-ovulatory follicle:
Inihibits normal feedback loop; ↓ FSH and LH, preventing possible development (BCP mechanism)
62
Estrogen's effects on mid-cycle follicle:
Positive feedback causes spike of LH/FSH
63
Hcg produced by:
Newly forming chorion
64
Hormone tested for to determine pregnancy:
βhCG
65
Role of HCG in pregnancy:
Looks like LH; binds to corpus luteum to keep it producing progesterone and preserve the endometrium
66
TSH levels in pregnancy:
↓ because HCG looks just like it
67
FSH/LH throughout lifespan:
High at birth Nothing until puberty Monthly up/down until menopause Stay up at menopause
68
HPV causes cancer by:
Blocking tumor suppressor genes and development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
69
High-risk HPV strains:
16, 18, others
70
Epithelial area at highest risk for cervical cancer:
Squamocolumnar junction; at birth and after the 20s, is tucked up inside cervix and not accessible to HPV; in teens/20s, is more out towards vagina and susceptible
71
Uterine fibroids also called:
Leiomyomas
72
Most common female reproductive cancer:
Endometrial cancer
73
S/s of endometrial cancer:
Bleeding, esp. in post-menopausal women
74
Salpingitis caused by:
Infection or endometriosis
75
Pathogenesis of ectopic pregnancy:
Egg gets stuck in tube due to scarring/inflammation
76
Pathogenesis of PCOS:
FSH and LH get out of sync; LH stimulates androgens but low FSH will leave androgens leftover, unconverted
77
S/s of PCOS:
Enlarged, cystic ovaries Facial hair growth Infertility
78
Tx for PCOS:
OCPs with 10-14 days progesterone Metformin Meds to reduce hair growth (spironolactone) Meds to achieve pregnancy (Clomid, FSH/LH) Surgery (ovarian drilling, hair removal)
79
Ovarian cancer:
High mortality rate/poor prognosis due to no s/s until advanced Tends to metastasize Higher risk for BRCA1 90% come from surface epithelial cells
80
Teratomas typically occur:
Midline or where gonads are
81
Complete molar pregnancy:
Chorionic villi are all vesicular, no fetal/embryonic tissue (diploid maternal DNA) - positive pregnancy test due to Hcg
82
Partial molar pregnancy:
Deformed triploid fetus present or diploid paternal DNA
83
S/s of pre-eclampsia:
Hypertension Proteinuria Edema
84
Pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia:
Hypoalbuminemia; inadequate development of placental spiral arteries, somehow fetus signals to ↑ BP
85
S/s of eclampsia:
Seizures; can be fatal
86
Dx'ing amenorrhea:
Progesterone challenge

ARCHIVED: Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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