Exam 4 Review

Question 1

Positive schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 1

Present behaviors that are not normally there
-psychosis
-hallucinations
-delusions

Question 2

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 2

Lack of normal behaviors
-lack of emotion/facial expression
-alogia
-anhedonia

Question 3

Major gene associated with schizophrenia

Answer 3

DISC1

Question 4

Schizophrenia heritability

Answer 4

Identical twins: 50%
Fraternal twins: 17%

Question 5

Schizophrenia brain changes

Answer 5

enlarged lateral ventricles and reduced brain tissue

Question 6

Hypofrontality hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 6

Underactive frontal lobes (less blood flow to frontal lobes and less metabolic activity)

Question 7

Effect of chlorpromazine

Answer 7

1st gen antipsychotic

Targets Dopamine D2 receptors

Question 8

Effect of 2nd gen antipsychotics

Answer 8

Targets D2 receptors less
Targets serotonin receptors

Question 9

Antidepressant drugs that have an immediate effect from one dosage

Answer 9

Ketamine (NMDA antagonist)
Psychedelics (target 5H-T)

Question 10

BPD and Schizophrenia

Answer 10

Share half of the predictive genetic variants

Question 11

Brain metabolism during bipolar manic episodes

Answer 11

Increases

Question 12

Effect of benzodiazepines on PTSD

Answer 12

Bind to GABA-A receptors, enhancing GABA’s inhibitory functions

Blocks emotional stress

Question 13

PTSD and the HPA axis

Answer 13

PTSD results in lower-than-normal basal cortisol levels

Hypersensitivity to cortisol that is already there

Question 14

Brain regions involved in PTSD

Answer 14

-hippocampus (smaller)
-amygdala
-medial prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Tourette’s treatment

Answer 15

Haloperidol
D2 receptor antagonist

Question 16

Surgical treatments for OCD

Answer 16

Cingulotomy (preferred)
Frontal lobotomy (extensive damage)

Question 17

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

Patient H.M.
Can’t form new memories

Question 18

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

Korsakoff’s syndrome
Can’t remember old memories

Question 19

Korsakoff’s amnesia

Answer 19

May confabulate

Question 20

Brain regions responsible for learning declarative memories

Answer 20

Medial temporal lobe memory system:

Parahippocampal gyrus:
-Hippocampus
-Perirhinal cortex
-Entorhinal cortex

Question 21

Patient N.A.’s brain deficit

Answer 21

Amnesia due to damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mamillary bodies

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

Declarative memory

Responsible for autobiographical memories

Question 23

Priming

Answer 23

Nondeclarative memory

Given a scenario of reduced/changed processing of an event due to prior exposure

Question 24

How repeated stimulation of sea slug siphon affects neurotransmitters

Answer 24

Decreased neurotransmission

Question 25

When an animal moves toward a location, what cell is activated in what brain region?

Answer 25

Place cells Hippocampus

Question 26

Head direction cells are activated in...

Answer 26

The presubiculum

Question 27

Grid cells are activated in...

Answer 27

The medial entorhinal cortex

Question 28

Sensory buffer

Answer 28

Brief recollection of sensory impressions before short term memory

Question 29

Three learning processes in memory

Answer 29

Encoding (sensory buffer --> STM) Consolidation (STM --> LTM) Retrieval (LTM --> STM)

Question 30

Brain region needed for LTM storage

Answer 30

Axons from amygdala and hippocampus to the first layer of cortex induce plasticity Neocortex Medial temporal lobe

Question 31

Brains of animals housed with enrichment

Answer 31

Heaver and thicker cortices Larger synapses More dendritic branches

Question 32

Enrichment increases the activity of this neuron

Answer 32

Cholinergic neurons

Question 33

Early attentional bottleneck

Answer 33

Filtering at the sensory level, non-attended info doesn't reach higher-order processes

Question 34

Late attentional bottleneck

Answer 34

Filtering at cognitive level, after unconscious processing

Question 35

How neuroscientists measure brain activity during a task

Answer 35

EEGs

Question 36

Inattentional bias

Answer 36

Failure to consciously perceive unattended stimuli (gorilla)

Question 37

Symbolic cueing task

Answer 37

Tests voluntary (endogenous) attention Valid cues have a faster reaction time

Question 38

Conjunction search

Answer 38

Finding the right combination of 2+ features (Where's Waldo)

Question 39

Pulvinar

Answer 39

Filters stimuli

Question 40

Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS)

Answer 40

Responsible for voluntary attention in humans

Question 41

Lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

Answer 41

Responsible for voluntary attention in monkeys

Question 42

Dorsal frontoparietal network

Answer 42

Voluntary (endogenous) attention IPS and LIP

Question 43

ADHD effects on the brain

Answer 43

Reduces volume in... -gray and white matter -cerebellum -frontal lobes