Exam 4 Skeletal System General Flashcards by Christopher Waller

What portion of the Sphenoid Bone is the passageway for the Oculomotor Nerve (CN-III), Trochlear Nerve (CN-IV), Abducens Nerve (CN-VI), and Ophthalmic Branch (V1) of Trigeminal Nerve?

Superior Orbital Fissure

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What branch of the Trigeminal (CN-V) passes through the Foramen Rotundum?

Maxillary Branch (V2)

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What branch of the Trigeminal (CN-V) passes through the Foramen Ovale?

Mandibular Branch (V3)

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What does the pneumonic Standing Room Only stand for? Regarding Branches of Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

Superior Orbital Fissure (V1)
Foramen Rotundum (V2)
Foramen Ovale (V3)

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What portion of the Sphenoid Bone holds the Pituitary Gland?

Sella Turcica

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What bone forms part of the Anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portion of nasal septum, and superior side walls of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid Bone

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What attaches to the Falx Cerebri (dura mater subdivision that separates right and Left Cerebral Hemispheres)?

Crista Galli

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The Lateral Masses of the Ethmoid Bone contain what?

Ethmoid Sinuses

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What portions of the Ethmoid Bone increase vascular surface (warms air) and causes inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus (Filters Air)?

Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae

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What portion of the Ethmoid Bone participate in sense of smell (Olfactory Receptors)?

Olfactory Foramina

Superior Conchae

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What is the name of the suture that unites the two Parietal Bones?

Sagittal Suture

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What is the name of the suture that unites the Parietal and Occipital Bone?

Lambdoid Suture

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What are areas of dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between cranial bones of fetuses and infants that remain unossified at birth but close early in childhood?

Fontanels

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Name the Major Fontanels?

Anterior
Posterior
Anterolateras
Posterolaterals

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What are the Major Functions of the Fontanels?

Enable fetal skull to modify size and shape as it passes through birth canal
Permit rapid growth of the brain (Infancy)

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What are the Muscles that move the Mandible?

Masseter
Temporalis
Pterygoids

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Where do the muscles that move the mandible have their origin and insert where?

Origin: Skull
Insert: Mandible

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What nerve innervates the muscles that move the mandible?

Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V)

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Every Muscle of Facial Expression is innervated by which nerve?

Facial Nerve (CN-VII)

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What muscle originates (arises) from sternum and clavicle and inserts onto mastoid process of the temporal bone?

Sternocleidomastoid

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What Cranial Nerve innervates the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle?

CN- XI (Accessory)

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Contraction of both Sternocleidomastoid Muscles causes the head and cervical vertebrae to do what?

Flexes the cervical vertebrae (Chin to manubrium)

- Extends Head (thrust chin forward, keeping head level)

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Contraction of one Sternocleidomastoid does what?

Laterally flexes the neck and rotates face in opposite direction

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What muscle group attaches the cervical vertebrae to the uppermost ribs and participate in forced inspiration?

Scalene Muscle Group

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This muscle group is innervated by cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8) and Flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head?

Scalene Muscle Group

What are the muscles of Inhalation broken down by quite and forced Inhalation?

Quite: External Intercostals, Diaphragm Forced: Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes

What are the muscles of Exhalation (all forced)?

``` Internal Intercostals External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis ```

How many bones is the human skeleton made up of?

206

What are the principal divisions the adult skeleton is grouped into?

Axial Skeleton | Appendicular Skeleton

Of the Axial Skeleton; How many bones make-up the Cranium and Face?

Cranium: 8 Face: 14

Of the Axial Skeleton; Home many bones for each of the following are there, Hyoid, Auditory Ossicles, Vertebral Column, Thorax?

``` Hyoid: 1 Auditory Ossicles: 6 Vertebral Column: 26 Thorax: Sternum: 1 Ribs: 24 ```

What is the number of bones that make-up the Axial Skeleton?

Of the Appendicular Skeleton; the Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles, the Clavicle and Scapula are how many bones?

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles: Clavicle: 2 Scapula: 2

Of the Appendicular Skeleton; the Upper Limbs (Extremities) Name the general bones and number?

``` Upper Limbs (Extremities) Humerus: 2 Ulna: 2 Radius: 2 Carpals: 16 Metacarpals: 10 Phalanges: 28 ```

Of the Appendicular Skeleton; how many bones make-up the Pelvic (hip) girdle?

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle: | Hip, Pelvic, Coxal Bone: 2

Of the Appendicular Skeleton; Name the general bone names of the Lower limbs and the number of bones?

``` Lower Limbs (Extremities) Femur: 2 Patella: 2 Fibula: 2 Tibia: 2 Tarsals: 14 Metatarsals: 10 Phalanges: 28 ```

Name The basic types of bones.

``` Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid ```

Give some characteristics of Long Bones:

- Greater Length than width - Consist of shaft and Extremities - Slight curve increase strength - Diaphyses: compact bone (mostly) - Epiphyses: Spongy bone (Commonly)

Name some examples of Long Bones.

``` Femur Tibia Humerus Ulna Radius ```

Give some characteristics of Short Bones:

- Nearly equal length and Width | - Spongy bone except at surface (thin compact bone layer)

Name some examples of Short Bones.

Carpal Bones (Except Pisiform, which is a sesamoid bone)

Name the Characteristics of Flat Bone:

- Thin - Composed Two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone - Provide protection - Extensive areas for muscle attachment

Name some examples of Flat Bones.

Cranial Bones Sternum Ribs Scapulae

Name the Characteristics of Sesamoid Bones:

- Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress - Vary from person to person - Not always completely ossified

What is the function of Sesamoid Bones?

- Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear | - Change of direction of pull of a tendon, thereby improving mechanical advantage at joint (may)

Name some examples of Sesamoid Bones.

Patellae | Pisiform

Key Characteristics of Sutural Bones (Aka Wormian Bones)?

- Classified by location rather - Small bone located in sutures between cranial bones - Numbers vary greatly - Formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures - Most Commonly found in Lambdoid suture

Key Characteristics of Irregular Bones?

- Complex shape | - Varying amount of spongy and compact bone

Name some examples of Irregular Bones.

Vertebrae Hip Bones Calcaneus

What is a shallow depression in a bone called?

Fossa

What is an opening the bone called?

Foramen

What is a groove in a bone called?

Sulcus

What is a tubelike passageway or canal in a bone called?

Meatus

What is the part on a bond that is a large, round prominence at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint called?

Condyle

What is the part of a bone that is a bony prominence on each side of the ankle called?

Malleolus

What is the smooth flat articular surface of a bone called?

Facet

What is the part of a bone that is a relatively small projection or bump called?

Eminence

What is a very large projection on a bone called?

Trochanter

What is a large, rounded, typically roughened projection on a bone called?

Tuberosity

What is a small, rounded projection on a bone called?

Tubercle

What are key differences between Tubercle and tuberosity's?

- Tubercles: typically near head of a bone | - Tuberosity: on shaft or base of a bone

What is the physiological cross-section of a muscle?

Section that passes through practically all muscle fibers

What is muscle force proportional to?

Physiological cross-section

What is muscle velocity proportional to?

Muscle Fiber Length

What type of muscle has considerable power over a short range of movement?

Pennate Muscles

What type of muscle produces greater speed over a longer range of movement?

Parallel and fusiform

What term is used to refer to a muscle that causes the desired action?

Prime Mover or Agonist

What term is used to refer to a muscle that stretches and yields to the prime mover?

Antagonist

What term is used to refer to a muscle that contracts to stabilize nearby joints?

Synergists

What term is used to refer to a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover?

Fixator

What is Hilton's Law?

The nerve that innervates a joint tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint, and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles

What is caused by physical compression or irritation of major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms?

Entrapment Neuropathy

What are some other terms that can refer to Entrapment Neuropathy?

Neuralgia Neuritis Pinched Nerve Trapped Nerve

Name the syndromes if the Neck is the sight in which, Symptoms of Entrapment neuropathy in the upper limbs occurs?

- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - Costoclavicular syndrome - Cervical rib syndrome - Scalenus Anterior Syndrome

Symptoms in the upper limbs for entrapment neuropathy if the shoulder is the site would be called what?

Supraclavicular Neuritis

Symptoms in the upper limbs for entrapment neuropathy if the Elbow is the site would be called what?

- Ulnar Neuritis - Median Neuritis - Radial Neuritis

What are some Entrapment Neuropathies at the site of the wrist named?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Ulnar Neuritis

If Entrapment Neuropathy causes symptoms in the lower limbs caused at the site of the hip it would possibly be what?

Piriformis Syndrome

Entrapment Neuropathy causing symptoms in the lower leg may be brought on by what?

Compartment Syndrome

What are some Entrapment Neuropathies at the site of the foot named?

- Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - Medial Plantar Neuritis - Digital Neuritis - Deep Fibular Neuritis (Deep Peroneal Neuritis)

What symptoms can be associated with Entrapment Neuropathy?

Tingling and Pain | -Followed or accompanied by reduced sensation or complete numbness

What signs can be associated with Entrapment Neuropathy?

Observed: Muscle weakness (Later than Symptoms and may associate w/ atrophy)

What are some treatments for Entrapment Neuropathy?

- Joint and Muscle Mobilization - Weight Loss (if underlying cause) - Injections (reduce inflammation) - Pregnancy related no Treatment - Surgical Decompression

What are the two main circulatory routes?

Systemic | Pulmonary

What are the four sections of the Aorta?

Ascending Aorta Arch of the Aorta Thoracic Aorta Abdominal Aorta

What are Venae Comitantes?

Veins that closely accompany arteries

What benefits arise from Venae Comitantes?

- Countercurrent Heat Exchange | - Arteriovenous Pump

What is defined by: all the muscles or parts of muscles receiving innervation from one spinal nerve?

Myotome

In Anatomy Recurrent mean?

Running in reverse Direction/ Turning back so as to reverse direction