Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards
(205 cards)
0
Q
Abduction
A
movement away from midline
1
Q
Abdominal Cavity
A
divided into upper and lower art. contains stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Lower-urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last of large intestine
2
Q
Adduction
A
movement toward the midline
3
Q
Adipose Tissue
A
fatty tissue, fat
4
Q
Afferent Nerves
A
Sensory nerves. carry messages to the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
slightly movable joints.
Ex: joints of two pelvic bones
6
Q
Amount of blood in a human
A
Adult: 4 to 6 quarts
7
Q
Anatomic position
A
standing forward, hands to side with palms showing
8
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of a structure of an organism
9
Q
Anterior
A
before or in front of
10
Q
Aorta artery
A
largest artery in body. carries blood away from the heart
11
Q
Aortic valve
A
flap or cusp located between the left ventricle and the aorta
12
Q
Apnea
A
absence of respiration. temporary cessation of respiration
13
Q
Arachnoid membrane
A
the middle membrane of the meninges.
14
Q
Arteries
A
blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
15
Q
Arterioles
A
smallest branch of an artery. vessel that connects artery to capillaries
16
Q
Axon
A
carries impulses away from the cell body
17
Q
Basophils
A
type of leukocytes
- participate in body’s inflammatory response
- produce histamine
18
Q
Biceps Brachii
A
upper arm. flexes lower arm and supinates head
19
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
left atrium and left ventricle
20
Q
Biology
A
the study of living organisms
21
Q
Bradycardia
A
a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute
22
Q
Buccal Cavity
A
the mouth
23
Q
Capillaries
A
connect arterioles with venules. located to almost every cell in the body. have thin walls with only one layer of cells. allow oxygen and nutrients pass through the walls
24
Cardiac Muscle
form the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
25
Cardiac sphincter
the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach
26
Carotid artery
at the neck on either side of the trachea
27
Cataract
when clear lens becomes cloudy or opaque. occurs gradually and normally because of old age.
28
Cellular respirations
when the cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
29
Centrosome
located in the cytoplasm. contains two centrioles.
30
Cerebellum
the section below the back of the cerebrum
| responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone
31
Cerebrum
largest and highest section of the brain
| responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, speech, posture, and muscle tone
32
Cervix of uterus
the narrow bottom end that attaches to the vagina.
33
Chromatin
located in the nucleus.
made up of DNA
contains the genes
34
Cilia
hairlike projections
| trap dust and other particles
35
Ciliary body
COME BACK
36
Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)
transportation system of the body.
contains the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
carries all the oxygen and blood and nutrients to the body and cells
37
Circumduction
moving in a circle at a joint or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary
38
Cirrhosis
chronic destruction of the liver
| caused by hepatitis, etc
39
Clotting proteins
COME BACk
40
Cochlea
snail shaped section of inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing
41
Color of blood
COME BACK
42
Conjunctiva
mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide protection
43
Connective tissue
supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. supports and connects
44
Contractility
come back
45
Contracture
tightening or shortening of a muscle
46
Cornea
circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera
| allows light to enter eyes
47
Coronal plane
divides the body into a front and back section
48
Coronary artery
come back
49
Cranial cavity
part of the dorsal cavity
| contains the brain
50
Deltoid
shoulder
| abducts arm, injection site
51
Dendrite
carries impulses toward the cell body
52
Diaphysis
the middle section of the long bone
53
Diarthrosis
come back
54
Diastolic
pressure that is constant pressure in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is at rest or between contractions
55
Diencephalon
section of brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus
56
Digestive System
responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be taken into bloodstream
57
Distal
most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or midline
58
Dorsal
pertaining to the back; in back of
59
Dorsal cavity
one long continuous cavity located in the back of the body
| two parts: cranial and spinal
60
Dura mater
outer layer of the meninges
61
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
62
Efferent nerves
motor nerves
| carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
63
Ejaculatory ducts
two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles.
carry the sperm and fluids (semen) through prostate gland
64
Elasticity
allows the muscles to return to its original shape after it has stretched
65
Embolus
blood clot or mass of material circulating in the blood vessels
66
Endocrine system
consists of a group of ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream
67
Endoplasmic reticulum
network of tubular structures in cytoplasm
allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus
aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins
68
Endosteum
membrane lining the medullary canal of a bone
69
Eosinophils
remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines
70
Epididymis
tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens
71
Epiliepsy
chronic disease of the nervous system
characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction
accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness
72
Epithelial tissue
tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands and lines the body cavities
73
Erythrocytes
red blood cell
| produced in the red marrow
74
Excitability
irritability
| the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse
75
Extensibilty
ability to be stretched
76
Extension
increasing the angle between two bones or straightening a body part
77
External respirations
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
78
Factors influencing blood pressure
excitement, anxiety, obesity, smoking, position of patient, rest or sleep, depressant drugs, shock, etc
79
False ribs
five ribs after the first seven pairs of ribs (true ribs)
80
Fascia
tough sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue
| some muscles attach by
81
Femoral artery
COME BACK
82
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones or bending a body part
83
Floating ribs
the last two pairs of false ribs
| no attachment to the front of the body
84
Fontanels
area between the cranial bones where the bones have no fused together; "soft spots" in the skull of an infant
85
Frontal plane
divides the body into a front and back section
86
Function of bile
physically breaks down fats
87
Functions of Thrombocytes
important for the clotting process
they stop bleeding
create a sticky plug where a vessel is cut
88
Fundus of uterus
the top section
| where Fallopian tubes attach
89
Gastrocnemius
COME BACK
90
Gluteus maximus
butt
| extends and rotates thigh, injection site
91
Golgi apparatus
stack of membrane in cytoplasm
| produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
92
Hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
93
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury or stroke
94
Hemoglobin
the iron-containing protein of the red blood cells
| serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
95
Inferior
below or under
96
Insertion
end of area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
97
Integumentary system
protects body from injury, infection, and dehydration
helps regulate body temp
eliminates some wastes
produces vitamin D
98
Internal respirations
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
99
Involuntary muscles
```
cardiac muscle and visceral muscle
function without conscious thought or control
```
100
Iris
colored portion of the eye
| keeps the pupil together or
101
Joints
areas where two or more bones join together
102
Lateral
pertaining to the side
103
Latissimus dorsi
spine around the chest
| extends and adducts upper arm
104
Left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
105
Left Ventricle
receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells
106
Lens
circular structure located behind the pupil and suspended in position by ligaments
refracts (bends) light rays so the ray focus on the retina
107
Leukocytes
white blood cells
| main function is to fight infection
108
Ligament
connective tissue bands
| help hold bones together at joints
109
Linings of uterus
layered with the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
110
Lymphatic system
carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood;assists with fighting infection
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland
111
Lymphocytes
provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells
112
Lysosome
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cels, bacteria and foreign matter
113
Medial
pertaining to the middle or midline
114
Medulla oblongata
the lower part of the brainstem
| controls vital processes such as respiration and heart beat
115
Medullary cavity
cavity in the diaphysis
| filled with yellow marrow
116
Meninges
three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
117
Midbrain
the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem
responsible conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes
118
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into left and right sections
119
Mitochondria
rod shaped organelles in cytoplasm
| "powerhouses"-break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce ATP(energy in a cell)
120
Mitral valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
| allows blood to flow into the aorta and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
121
Muscle tissue
body tissue composed of fibers that provide movement
122
Muscle tone
the state of partial contraction
| state of readiness to act
123
Myelin
covers the axons with a lipid fat covering
| increases the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axons
124
Neurilemma
outermost layer of nerve in the peripheral nerve system
125
Neuron
basic structural unit of the nervous system
| also called nerve cell
126
Neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
127
Nucleous
separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucelus and cytoplasm
"brain of the cell"
128
Olfactory receptors
sense of smell made possible by these
| located on upper part of the nasal cavity
129
Orbital cavity
eye cavity
130
Order of large intestine
cecum, ileum, COME BACK
131
Organ of Corti
cochlea,
| receptor of sound waves
132
Organelle
cell structures that help a cell to function
133
Origin
end or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts
134
Ovaries
gonads or sex glands of the female
one on each side of the uterus
secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
135
Pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach
| secretes insulin and digestive juices
136
Paraplegia
paralysis of lower half of the body
137
Parasympathetic system
the cool down of the ANS
| slows down heart rate, decreases respiration, blah blah
138
Pathophysiology
study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease process
139
Pectoralis major
Upper chest
| Adducts and flexes upper arm
140
Pelvic cavity
lower abdominal cavity
| contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last part of large intestine
141
Perineum
region between vagina and anus in the female
| region between scrotum and anus in male
142
Peripheral pulse sites
COME BACK
143
Pharyngeal tonsils
also called adenoids
| located in the nasopharynx (upper part of throat)
144
Phlebitis
inflammation of vein
145
Physiology
study of processes or functions of living organisms
146
Pia mater
innermost layer of the meninges
| closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue
147
Pinocytic vesicle
pocketlike folds in the cell membrane.
| allow large molecules (proteins) enter cell
148
Platelets
"thrombocytes"
fragments or pieces of cells
important for the clotting process
149
Pleura
membranes that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
150
Pons
portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain
151
Posterior
toward the back; behind
152
Proximal
closest to the point of attachment or area of reference
153
Pulmonary valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
154
Pupil
the opening in the center of the iris
155
Pyloric sphincter
COME BACK
156
Pyrexia
fever
157
Quadriceps femoris
front of thigh
| extends leg, injection site
158
Quadriplegia
paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs
159
Rectos abdumonis
ribs to pubis(pelvis)
| Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
160
Red marrow
soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones
161
Respiratory system
consists of lungs and air passages
| breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
162
Retina
innermost layer of the eye
| transmits the light impulses to the optic nerve
163
Right atrium
receives blood as it returns from the body cells
164
Right ventricle
receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery
165
Risk factors of hypertension
can lead to stroke, kidney disease, and or heart disease
166
Rotation
movement around the central axis; turning
167
Rugae
vagina is lined with mucous membrane arranged in folds of rugae
allows vagina to expand during childbirth and intercourse
168
Salivary amylase
begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars that can be taken into the body
contained in the saliva
169
Salivary glands
produce liquid called saliva
170
Sartorius
front of thigh
| abducts thigh, flexes leg
171
Sclera
whiter outer coat of eye
172
Scrotum
sac suspended between thighs. where the testes are located
173
Semicircular canal
structures in the inner ear that are involved in maintaing balance and equilibrium
174
Seminal vesicles
one of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual, secretes thick, viscous fluid for semen
175
Sinuses
cavity in skull that surround the nasal area
connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts
provide resonance for voice
176
Skeletal muscle
attached to bones and causes movement in body
177
Skeletal system
creates framework of body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles
178
Smooth muscles
found in internal organs
contracts to cause movement in the organs
involuntary muscles
179
Somatic system
carries messages between the CNS and the body
180
Spinal cavity
contains spinal cord
181
Sternocleidomastoid
side of neck
| turns and flexes head
182
Structure of Fallopian tubes
IDK
183
Superior
above
184
Sympathetic system
prepares the body to act by increasing the heart rate and ya
185
Synarthrosis
immoveable joint
186
Systolic
pressure that occurs in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries
187
Tachycardia
pulse rate over 100 beats per minutes
188
Tendon
strong tough fibrous connective tissue cords
| connects muscles to bone
189
Testis
male gonads
190
Thoracic cavity
located in the chest and contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood vessels
191
Thoracic vertebrae
COME BACK
192
Thrombocyts
platelets, sticky substance that covers break in vessels
193
Thrombophlephitis
when a clot forms in a vein
194
Tibialis anterior
front of lower leg
| flexes and inverts foot
195
Transverse plane
divides body into top and bottom half
196
Trapezius
upper back and neck
| extends head and moves shoulder
197
Triceps brachii
upper arm
| extends and adducts lower arm
198
Tricuspid valves
located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
| allows blood flow to lungs and prevents blood from flowing back into right atrium
199
True ribs
first seven pairs of ribs
| attach directly to the sternum in front of the body
200
Urinary system
Filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine
201
Varicose veins
dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis or decreased blood flow
202
Vas deferens
receives sperm and fluid from the epididymis. acts as passageway and temporary storage area for sperm
cut during vasectomy
203
Veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
204
Ventral
front of the body
