Exam 4 Terms

Question 1

What types of sediment drains better?

Answer 1

well-sorted

Question 2

What sediment drains water quickly?

Answer 2

Coarse well-sorted

Question 3

What sediment drains water slowly?

Answer 3

fine well-sorted

Question 4

What sediment blocks water flow?

Answer 4

poorly sorted

Question 5

Which sediments are found in open, wave swept beaches?

Answer 5

coarse

Question 6

Which sediments are found in protected bays and mudflats?

Answer 6

fine

Question 7

coarse sediments are found in places with ___ energy, ___ surface area:volume ratio, ___ intertidal spaces

Answer 7

high low larger

Question 8

coarse sediments have ___ oxygen content, ____ organic content, ____ microbial activity

Answer 8

high low low

Question 9

fine sediments have ___ energy, ___ surface:volume ratio, ___ intertidal spaces

Answer 9

low high smaller

Question 10

fin sediments have ___ oxygen content, ___ organic content, ___ microbial community

Answer 10

low high high

Question 11

sand is ___ turbulent with ___ sediment particles, ____ detritus, and ____ feeders

Answer 11

more larger less suspension

Question 12

mud is ____ turbulent with ___ sediment particles, ____ detritus, and ____ feeders

Answer 12

less smaller more deposit

Question 13

rich microbial community in soft bottom habitats

Answer 13

mircobenthos

Question 14

burrowers and tube building macrobenthos

Answer 14

macrofauna

Question 15

small macrobenthos that live in between sand grains such as vascular plants

Answer 15

meiofauna

Question 16

plants where roots contribute to the organic content of sediments though formation of peat

Ex.) Salt marsh grasses and sea grasses

Answer 16

vascular plants

Question 17

feeding behavior where particles are removed from the water with an external appendage such as in polychaete worms and barnacles

Answer 17

suspension feeding

Question 18

feeding behavior where particles are removed from the water by pulling a current into the body and passing water through a liter such as in bivalve mollusks or sponges

Answer 18

filter feeding

Question 19

feeding behavior where organic particles from sediment are removed by passing sediment through the digestive system which can select particle sizes such as those seen in polychaete worms, echinoderms, and sea cucumbers

Answer 19

deposit feeding

Question 20

dead particulate organic material generated by the decomposition of peat by microbial communities

Answer 20

detritus

Question 21

tidal flows and river outflows bounded by high walls of peat that become detritus; could have sandy or muddy bottoms

Answer 21

channels

Question 22

tropical estuaries

Answer 22

mangroves

Question 23

temperate estuaries

Answer 23

salt marshes

Question 24

zones that absorb water and storm energy and protect habitats behind them in estuaries

Answer 24

buffer zones

Question 25

body fluids change with external salinity which is seen in most invertebrates

Answer 25

osmotic conformers

Question 26

body fluids are independent of external salinity ex.) fish exchange water and have osmotic loss through urine and gills

Answer 26

osmoregulators

Question 27

solute exchange where drinking seawater with ions excrete ___ and ___ through gill secretion and __ and ___ in urine

Answer 27

Na+ CL- MG2+ SO42+

Question 28

most marine species and freshwater species can only tolerate limited ranges of salinity

Answer 28

stenohaline

Question 29

limited species diversity that can tolerate wide ranges of alinity

Answer 29

euryhaline

Question 30

type of estuary produced as a result of sea level rise invading river mouths ex.) Narragansett Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Delaware Bay

Answer 30

coastal plain estuary

Question 31

estuaries that are behind barrier beaches and limit seawater influx ex.) Atlantic Coast, Gulf of Mexico

Answer 31

bar bult estuary

Question 32

type of estuary that cuts in bed rock from glacial action are flooded by seawater with sea level rise. Deepest areas are upstream while shallow sills at their mouths partially block inflow of seawater and lead to stagnation or anoxia at deep depths.

Answer 32

Fjord

Question 33

estuary with rivers that have broad, poorly defined mouths, heavy loads of sediment are deposited at river mouth Ex>) Mississippi River Delta

Answer 33

river delta estuary

Question 34

system where plants are interconnected and consist of broad stands of the same genotype

Answer 34

rhizome system

Question 35

salt marsh grass closer to the shore is spartina ____ or salt grass and farther from the shore is spartina ____ or pickleweed

Answer 35

alterniflora patens

Question 36

estuary dominated by shrubby trees capable of establishing roots in anaerobic muds

Answer 36

mangroves

Question 37

red mangroves with high prop roots and dangling roots are common which are tolerant to the cold

Answer 37

Rhizophora

Question 38

black mangroves that can tolerate very high salinity and anoxic conditions, known for having pneumatophores

Answer 38

Avicennia

Question 39

white mangroves

Answer 39

laguncularia

Question 40

____ is more important than mass in determining the relative importance of the gravitational pull of a body

Answer 40

distance

Question 41

tide where the sun and moon aline and the tides are higher

Answer 41

spring tide

Question 42

tide where the moon is at 1st or 3rd quarter causing lower high tides

Answer 42

neap tide

Question 43

the tides switch between spring and neap tides every ___ days

Answer 43

14

Question 44

a directional force that may amplify or counteract tidal fluctuations

Answer 44

Coriolis effect

Question 45

no tidal range in the center of ocean gyres

Answer 45

amphidromic points

Question 46

Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include lichens and encrusting algae

Answer 46

upper Atlantic

Question 47

organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ___ include: barnacles, rocked, ascophyllum, mussels

Answer 47

middle Atlantic

Question 48

organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ___ include Irish moss and alaria (kelp beds)

Answer 48

lower Atlantic

Question 49

the extreme ____ intertidal of ___ include seaweeds

Answer 49

lower Atlantic

Question 50

Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include periwinkles, limpets, lichens, and encrusting algae

Answer 50

upper pacific

Question 51

Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include barnacles, mussels, seaweeds

Answer 51

middle pacific

Question 52

organisms in the ____ intertidal of the ____ include seaweeds and surfgrass

Answer 52

lower

Question 53

___ coasts have both spiral rocked and sea rockweed but no bladder rockweed

Answer 53

exposed

Question 54

____ coast have spiral and bladder rockweed but not sea rockweed

Answer 54

sheltered

Question 55

studied competition and tolerance of physical stresses in barnacles to determine donation in the intertidal

Answer 55

Connell

Question 56

studied pisaste predation on mussels and keystone species where predator pressures limits distribution of preferred prey in low intertidal

Answer 56

paine

Question 57

studied starfish and snail predation on mussels in the east coast

Answer 57

lunchenco

Question 58

studied herbivore feeding preferences to determine composition of algal communities in small tide pools

Answer 58

lubchenco

Question 59

in a pool with lots of Chondrus and some Enteromorpha, the Enteromorpha (preferred food) is grazed by ____ leaving Chondrus

Answer 59

snails

Question 60

n a pool with lots of Enteromorpha (no snails), the addition of snails results in the grazing down of Enteromorpha (demonstration of effect of herbivore) but no growth of Chondrus (Enteromorpha is competitive _____)

Answer 60

doimnant

Question 61

few snails and little Irish moss

Answer 61

Enteromorpha

Question 62

lots of snails and Irish moss

Answer 62

Irish moss pool

Question 63

experiment where you scrape rock and start process over and observe competitive interactions over time

Answer 63

re-start succession

Question 64

experiment where you move up in intertidal to test physiological tolerances and move down to test effects of predators, reduction of stresses, etc

Answer 64

transplantations

Question 65

generally determines density within a population

Answer 65

intreaspecific

Question 66

generally determines the lower limit, below which the better competitor dominates

Answer 66

interspecific