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Biol3 > Exam 4 (TOTAL): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma > Flashcards

Exam 4 (TOTAL): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards

1
Q

______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)

note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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2
Q

________ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.

-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

Note: Don’t cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)

rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases

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3
Q

______ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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4
Q

_______ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are obligate intracellular parasite. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia

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5
Q

______ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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6
Q

_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.

A

Vector

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7
Q

________ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.

A

Rickettsia rickettsili

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8
Q

_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.

A

Rickettsia rickettsili

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9
Q

No toxin is secreted by _______, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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10
Q

a patients that is recovering from ________, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.

note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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11
Q

______ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)

A

Chlamydia

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12
Q

_____ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes

A

Chlamydia

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13
Q

______ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells

A

Chlamydia

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14
Q

In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and ________.

A

1.Sexually transmitted diseases

  • Non gonococcal urethritis
  • Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
  • Trachomatis

2.Ocular diseases

  • Conjunctivitis trachoma
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15
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)

A

non gonococcal urethritis

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16
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.

A

Asymptomatic

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17
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.

A

Symptomatic

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18
Q

Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” ________, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called “bubos” painful inflammed lymphnode.

A

Lymphogranuloma (LGV)

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19
Q

Chlamydia that causes “Ocular Diseases” is ____1____, causes non traumatic blindness in children’s.

In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, ___2____ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies

A
  1. conjunctivitis Trachoma
  2. trachomatis
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20
Q

___1____ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?

In sexually, _____1___ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)

In non sexually, ____1____ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.

A
  1. chlamydia
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21
Q

Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is ______1___ and ___2_____. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)

A
  1. Doxycycline
  2. Erythromycin
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22
Q

____1____ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each _____1___ cells but “NO CELL WALL” (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)

A

1.Chlamydia

note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan

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23
Q

_______ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it’s unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes

A

Chlamydia

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24
Q

Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called _________.

A

Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)

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25
Q

______ is

  • small, cocci shaped
  • infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance.
  • extracellular form
A

elementary bodies (EB)

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26
Q

________ is

  • large, pleomorphie
  • reproductive forms
  • intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis
A

reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)

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27
Q

How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?

A
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28
Q

________ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it’s pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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29
Q

______ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment)

  • mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache
A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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30
Q

_______ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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31
Q

______ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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32
Q

_________ penicillin is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells contain cholesterol in membrane.

A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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33
Q

_______ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors.

  1. Capsule: provide protection from phagocytosis
  2. adhesive protein: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract
A

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

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34
Q

________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.

exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses

A

Genome

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35
Q

____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.

associated proteins are

____2____ absent in bacteria cell

____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA

A
  1. chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
  2. normally histone
  3. non histone
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36
Q

_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome

A

gene

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37
Q

____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs

  1. DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
  2. _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes

transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.

translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein

A
  1. gene expression
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38
Q

the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.

DNA (transcription ->) RNA

RNA (translation ->) protein

A

DOGMA

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39
Q

___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.

Example:

DNA virus like ____2___ virus and

some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn

RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein

A
  1. retrovirus
  2. hepatitis B
  3. HIV
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40
Q

DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________

A

deoxynucleotides

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41
Q

Deoxynucleotide are

  1. __________
  2. __________
  3. __________
A
  1. pentose sugar dexoyribose
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous bases
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42
Q

Nitrogenous bases are

  1. ______(A,G)
  2. ______(C,T)
A
  1. Purines (A,G)
  2. Pyrimidine(C,T)

Note: sequences

Correct: Pu-Py

incorrect: Py-Py

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43
Q

______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel

A

DNA

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44
Q

DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar

A

helix backbone

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45
Q

the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder

A

nitrogenous bases

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46
Q

In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.

A

complimentary

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47
Q

In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.

A

hydrogen bonds

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48
Q

In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),

Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical

A

DNA

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49
Q

In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA

A

1.nucleotide

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50
Q

In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells

A

DNA

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51
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-T is the base pair for _____(Genotype).

A=adenine T=thymine

A

DNA

52
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

A-U is the base pair for ____.

A=Adenine U=Uracll

A

RNA

53
Q

In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,

G-C is the base pair for ____ and ____.

G=Guanine C=Cytosine

A

DNA and RNA

54
Q

_______ has 3 steps:

  1. Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
  2. complimentary base pairing
  3. bond formation
A

DNA replication

55
Q

_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand

A

Bond formation

56
Q

______ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.

A

DNA replication

57
Q

______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.

A

DNA replication

58
Q

________ is bi-directional

A

DNA replication

59
Q

____1____ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in ____1_____.

A
  1. DNA replication
60
Q

_________ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.

A

DNA Replication

61
Q

Bacterial DNA is ___1___ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be _____1____) is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.

A
  1. methylated
62
Q

________ initiates from the origin of replication

A

DNA replication

63
Q

The _________ of DNA replication.

A

The bidirectionality of DNA replication

Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of “termination of replication”

64
Q

_______ model of DNA replication

A

Semiconservative model of DNA replication

note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process

65
Q

DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of ___1___. or ____1___is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis

A
  1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
66
Q

A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

67
Q

_______ includes protein component and non protein component.

A

Replisome

68
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes

Non enzymatic and Enzymatic

A

Replisome “protein components”

69
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don’t form.

A

Non enzymatic

70
Q

Replisome “protein components” ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.

A

Enzymatic

71
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand

A

DNA polymerase

72
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)

A

DNA Helicase

73
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)

A

DNA Gyrase

74
Q

Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets ___1___ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.

A
  1. DNA gyrase

(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme topoisomerase (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)

75
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action

A

DNA Primase

76
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ joins the Okazaki fragments

A

DNA Ligase

77
Q

Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)

A

DNA RNase H

78
Q

Replisome “______ components” includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers

A

Replisome “Non Protein components”

79
Q

Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is “major player” involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis

A

leading and lagging

80
Q

Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with _______

A

okazaki fragments

81
Q

Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides “choose the replication fork”

A

leading strand

82
Q

Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase

A

lagging strand

83
Q

DNA -> RNA -> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in ___1____.

DNA -> RNA -> primer RNA is involved in ____2____.

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. DNA replication
84
Q

_______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.

  • has proof reading exonuclease activity
  • elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5’->3’ leading and lagging strand.
  • can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
A

DNA polymerase l (Pol l)

85
Q

______ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble

  • parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
A

replication fork

86
Q

______ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.

A

gene expression

87
Q

_______ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA

  • gene acts as a template
A

transcription

88
Q

product of _______ is RNA, single stranded

  • four types, functions in cytoplasm
  • purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
  • ribose sugars are found in RNA’s
A

Transcription

89
Q

_______ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.

A

Transcription outcome

90
Q

how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)

and one similairly between the two.

A

Different

  1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
  2. no requirement of polymer
  3. has poor proof reading ability.
  4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
  5. incorporates with U instead of T

Similairly

  1. both syntheize in 5’->3’ direction polymerase
91
Q

Transcription requirements are ___1__, ___2___,___3___, and ___4___.

A
  1. template DNA
  2. RNA ribonucleotide
  3. sigma factor
  4. RNA polymerase
92
Q

Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.

A

promoter

93
Q

transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription

A

terminator sequence

94
Q

transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is ______\_

A

Atp,Ctp,Gtp,Utp (A,C,G,U)

95
Q

transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the _______

A

promoter sequence

96
Q

3 Steps of transcription

step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.

A

initiation

97
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template

A

Elongation

98
Q

3 steps of transcription

Step 3. ___1____ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of ___1____ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self ___1___ due to hair pin loop.

A
  1. termination
99
Q

Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.

A

Rifamycin

100
Q

this picture is called the _______

A

Concurrent RNA transcription

Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here

101
Q

___1__ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible ___1__ for the 22 possible amino acids

A

1.codon

102
Q

although there are total of 64 possible codons,

but only 61 ___1____ which all code for amino acids also have a corresponding tRNA.

the remaining 3 are ___2___, that dont code for any amino acid, that are NO tRNA associated with these signal for translation.

A
  1. sense codons
  2. non sense codons (or stop codons)
103
Q

_____ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.

A

genetic code

104
Q

_______ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,

and the advantage is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)

A

codon degeneracy

105
Q

______ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)

A

anticodon

106
Q

______ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches

A

t-RNA

107
Q

_______ have some unsual bases are present in, such as pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine

A

t-RNA

108
Q

Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be Charged and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or Discharge with NO amino acid attached

A

t-RNA

109
Q

There is NO ______ for the stop codons

A

t-RNA

110
Q

______ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins

A

translation

111
Q

_____ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins

  • has small and large subunit

large subunit has P, A and E site

A

ribosomes

112
Q

Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made

A

P (Peptidyl) site

113
Q

ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.

A

A (Accepter) site

114
Q

Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes

A

E (Exit) Site

115
Q

the 3 steps of translation are ______, ______, and _____.

A

initiation, elongation and termination

116
Q

this is the translaton ______ complex

A

initiation complex

note: Remember that chart

117
Q

______ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG

A

RBS(ribosome binding site)

118
Q

the ______ of translation in prokaryotes

A

Initiation

Note: remember that picture below

119
Q

the ______ stage of translation

A

Elongation stage

Note: remember the picture below

120
Q

this is due to too many _____,

the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.

A

mRNA

121
Q

_______ has a inducible that is activated by inducers lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by repressors

A

operon

Note: remember those steps

122
Q

Lac operon encodes for ___1___, ___2___, and __3___

A
  1. LacX : lactose permease
  2. LacY : Beta galactosidase
  3. LacZ : role is unclear
123
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

repressed

Note: remember the entire steps

124
Q

This picture shows Lac operon ______

A

induced

Note: remember the entire steps

125
Q

This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription

A

CAP-cAMP

Note: Remember those steps

126
Q

______ is when

High glucose -> low level of cAMP

Absent glucose -> high cAMP

A

CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein)

Biol3 (26 decks)

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