Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Virology > Exam 4 - Viruses and Cancer > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Viruses and Cancer Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cancer is caused when

A

abnormal cells divide without control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell transformation

A

change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metastasis

A

cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutated genes that contribute to cancer development by causing uncontrolled cell growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

proto-oncogene

A

promote the normal cell growth, division, and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

c-onc

A

mutant form of a proto-oncogene that converts to a cancer cell by promoting growth/division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

v-onc

A

viral oncogene, oncogene is carried by a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

suppress or inhibit cell growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mutant form of tumor suppressor genes

A

turn off gene function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

characteristics of cancer cells (in vivo)

A
  • increase in oncogene mRNA expression
  • loss of tumor suppressor gene function
  • changes in DNA methylation patterns
  • cells divide uncontrollably
  • reactivation of telomerases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is cancer a multistep process?

A
  • bypass apoptosis
  • circumvent the need for growth signals
  • tumor suppressor genes lose function
  • escape immunosurveillance
  • cells command their own blood supply
  • metastasize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cancer is the _____ leading cause of death

A

2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__________ (HPV) cancer and __________ (HBV, HCV) cancer make up the 80% viral associated cancers

A

cervical; liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

early cancer research

A
  • sarcoma filtrate caused sarcomas in chickens (Rous sarcoma retrovirus)
  • src gene - oncogenic transformation
  • reverse transcriptase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 3 ways that retroviruses can cause cancer?

A
  1. insert v-onc into gene
  2. activate proto-oncogene
  3. inactivate tumor suppressor (mutation in p53)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HTLV-1 causes

A
  • adult T cell leukemia (ATL)
  • HTLV-1 associated myopathy (HAM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most people infected with HTLV-1 are

A

asymptomatic carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HTLV-1 infects

A

CD4 lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

HTLV-1 transmission

A

perinatal, male to female sexual transmission, blood borne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HTLV-2

A

associated with T cell malignancies, poorly understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cancer and DNA tumor viruses target

A

Rb and p53 tumor suppressor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1st human virus associated with cancer

A

EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Study These Flashcards
A
  • children in central Africa
  • solid tumor of B lymphocytes
  • weaked immune system
24
Q

EBV latently infects

25
KSHV have multiple __________ in genome
v-onc
26
risk of HCC is higher with ______
HCV
27
oncogenesis mechanism of HBV
HBV DNA integrates into host via RT
28
oncogenesis mechanism of HCV
unclear, may cause chromosomal instability
29
low-risk papilloma viruses
- warts or papillomas - benign
30
intermediate-risk papilloma viruses
- precancerous - less often found in cancers
31
high-risk papilloma viruses
- cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, annus, penis - 4-20 year latent period
32
HPV (human papilloma virus)
- STI - most common among seually active - detected by pap smear
33
papilloma structure and genome
- small - naked, icosahedral capsid - circular dsDNA (E genes, L genes, LCR) - episome in infected cells
34
papillomavirus E gene
viral replication
35
papillomavirus L gene
viral assembly
36
papillomavirus LCR
control of replication and transcription
37
HPV replication
in the epithelium - entry through gap/wound in tissue - episome is maintained as cell goes thru cell division and is passed to daughter cells - replication driven by E genes - assembly driven by L genes
38
HPV and cervical cancer
- HPV-16 genome integrates into chromosomal DNA - E6/E7 are overexpressed --> inactivates p53 and Rb
39
HPV vaccines
VLP vaccines - take L protein from HPV and express them and self-assemble into something that looks like HPV but does NOT contain ay genome
40
effectiveness of HPV vaccines
very effective but do not protect against all types of HPV
41
adenoviruses
animal DNA tumor virus
42
adenoviruses cause
- infections of respiratory tract, GI tract, eye - asymptomatic - malignant tumors in baby rodents
43
adenovirus structure
- icosahedral - knobbed penton fibers - dsDNA
44
why can adenoviruses possibly be used as a gene therapy vector?
- high replication efficiency - disease is mild
45
simian virus 40 (SV40)
- asymptomatic infection (macaques, monkeys) - spread by contaminated urine - causes sarcomas in hamsters
46
SV40 structure
- small - naken, icosahedral capsid - circular dsDNA genome
47
SV40 large T antigen
- SV40 transcription, maturation - interacts with p53 and Rb
48
SV40 small T antigen
- SV40 lytic infection - interacts with cellular phosphatase 2A
49
types of cancer therapy
- surgery - radiation - chemotherapy - immunotherapy - Ab's
50
virotherapy
- oncolytic viruses are used to tatget and destroy cancer cells - tumors regressed during viral infection
51
virotherapy - targeting transcription
promoter is only active in cancer cells --> death of cancer cell
52
virotherapy - targeting attachment
change the surface proteins of normal cells so the virus can attach and enter
53
virotherapy - targeting IFN signaling
IFN signals infection and shuts down translation of cancer
54
virotherapy - targeting apoptosis
induces cell death, which normally is defective in cancer cells and is why cancer infection continues
55
challenges with virotherapy
- immunity to oncolytic virus used from previous infection - delivery and tumor microenvironments - biomarkers to track progress on effectiveness

Virology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions