Exam 4 Vocabulary

Question 1

Tissue

Answer 1

A group of cells with a common function

Question 2

Negative feedback

Answer 2

A mechanism of maintaining homeostasis in which the product of the process inhibits the process

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

Tube and muscles connecting the mouth to the esophagus; throat

Question 4

Epiglottis

Answer 4

Flap that blocks the windpipe so food goes down the pharynx, not into the lungs

Question 5

Esophagus

Answer 5

Tube that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 6

Peristalsis

Answer 6

Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system

Question 7

Large intestine

Answer 7

Colon; portion of the digestive system located between the small intestine and the anus that absorbs water and forms feces

Question 7

Small intestine

Answer 7

The narrow, twisting, upper part of the intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the blood

Question 8

Villi

Answer 8

Small fingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine that function in nutrient absorption

Question 9

Ureters

Answer 9

Tube that delivers urine from a kidney to the bladder

Question 10

Kidneys

Answer 10

Major organ of the excretory system, responsible for filtering liquid waste from the blood

Question 11

Urinary bladder

Answer 11

An organ of the excretory system that stores urine after it is excreted from the kidneys

Question 12

Urethra

Answer 12

Urine-carrying duct that also carries sperm in males

Question 13

Nephron

Answer 13

The functional structure within a kidney where waste filtration and urine concentration occurs

Question 14

Lungs

Answer 14

The primary organ of the respiratory system; the site where gas exchange occurs

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

Dome-shaped muscle at the base of the chest cavity. Contraction of this muscle helps draw air into the lungs

Question 16

Larynx

Answer 16

A portion of the upper respiratory tract made up primarily of stiff cartilage. Also known as the voice box

Question 17

Trachea

Answer 17

Air passage from upper respiratory system into lower respiratory system. Also called windpipe

Question 18

Bronchi

Answer 18

The large air passageways from the trachea into the lungs

Question 19

Bronchioles

Answer 19

The branching air passageway inside the lungs

Question 20

Alveoli

Answer 20

Sacs inside lungs, making up the respiratory surface in land vertebrates and some fish

Question 21

Respiratory surface

Answer 21

Body surface across which gas exchange occurs

Question 22

Gas exchange

Answer 22

The passage of gases, as a result of diffusion, from one compartment to another

Question 23

Hemoglobin

Answer 23

An iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

Question 24

Asthma

Answer 24

A respiratory disease characterized by spasmodic inflammation of the air passages in the lungs and overproduction of mucus. Often triggered by air contaminants

Question 25

Atrium

Answer 25

An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body or lungs and pumps it to a ventricle

Question 26

Ventricle

Answer 26

Chamber of the heart that pumps blood from the heart to the lungs or systemic circulation

Question 27

Blood pressure

Answer 27

The force of the blood as it travels through the arteries; partially determined by artery diameter and elasticity

Question 28

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 28

Malfunction of the cardiovascular system, including, but not limited to, heart attack, stroke, and hypertension

Question 29

Stroke

Answer 29

Acute condition caused by a blood clot that blocks blood flow to an organ or other region of the body

Question 30

Heart attack

Answer 30

An acute condition, during which blood flow is blocked to a portion of the heart muscle, causing part of the muscle to be damaged or die

Question 31

Vector

Answer 31

any organism (vertebrate or invertebrate) that functions as a carrier of an infectious agent between organisms of a different species

Question 31

Specific Defenses

Answer 31

Defense against pathogens that utilizes white blood cells of the immune system

Question 32

Non-Specific Defenses

Answer 32

Defense system against infection that does not distinguish one pathogen from another. Includes the skin, secretions, and mucous membranes

Question 33

Antigens

Answer 33

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies

Question 34

Antibodies

Answer 34

Protein made by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances or antigens

Question 35

Lymphocytes

Answer 35

White blood cells that make up part of the immune system

Question 35

Protein Hormones

Answer 35

cannot cross cell membranes they bind to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and that receptor stimulates a series of other proteins to help relay the message to the inside of the cell, eliciting a specific cellular response

Question 35

Steroid Hormones

Answer 35

fat-soluble hormones that can cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the target cell, causing cells to turn specific genes on or off

Question 36

Target Cell

Answer 36

A cell that responds to regulatory signals such as hormones