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Anthropology > Exam 4 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

acephalous societies

A

communities with no formal positions of leadership

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2
Q

authority

A

the exercise of power based on expertise, charisma, or roles of leadership

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3
Q

band societies

A

communities of gatherer-hunters in which leadership is temporary, situational, and informal

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4
Q

big man

A

an informal leader who has gained power by accumulating wealth, sponsoring feasts, and helping young men pay bride wealth

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5
Q

centralized societies

A

communities in which power is concentrated in formal positions of authority, such as chiefs or kings

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6
Q

chief

A

the inherited office of leadership in a chiefdom, combining coercive forms of economic, political, judicial, military, and religious authority

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7
Q

chiefdoms

A

societies in which political leadership is regionally organized through an affiliation or hierarchy of chiefs. Chiefdoms are associated with intensive agriculture, militarism, and religious ideologies

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8
Q

clans

A

large kin groups that trace their descent from a common ancestor who is either not remembered or possibly mythological

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9
Q

coercive power

A

the ability to enforce judgments and commands using socially sanctioned violence

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10
Q

colonial states

A

state governments imposed by foreigners to rule over local peoples

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11
Q

king

A

hereditary ruler of a multiethnic empire based on a chiefdom

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12
Q

lineage orders

A

societies in which extended family groups provide the primary means of social integration. Leadership in these societies is provided by elders and other temporary or situational figures

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13
Q

nation

A

a sense of cultural belonging or peoplehood based on a common language, common origin story, common destiny, and common norms and values. National identities are actively constructed by states

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14
Q

nation-state

A

a political institution joining the apparatus of the state with the notion of cultural belonging or peoplehood

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15
Q

persuasive power

A

the ability to influence others without any formal means of enforcement

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16
Q

political economy

A

study of the ways in which political and economic realms continually reinforce and sometimes contradict one another over time

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17
Q

politics

A

all elements of the sociocultural dynamics of power

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18
Q

postcolonial studies

A

an interdisciplinary field that combines history, anthropology, political science, and area studies in an effort to understand the diversity, complexity, and legacy of colonialism throughout the world

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19
Q

power

A

the ability to exert control, authority, or influence over others

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20
Q

proto-states

A

societies that exhibit some but not all of the features of state societies

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21
Q

revolution

A

the replacement of one social order with a different one, often to create enhanced justice, equality, stability, or freedom

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22
Q

state societies

A

large, stratified, multiethnic societies with highly centralized leadership, bureaucracies, systems of social control, and military forces exerting exclusive control over a defined territory

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23
Q

tribal societies

A

an older term used by anthropologists to refer to pastoralist and horticulturalist societies in which extended family structures provide the primary means of social integration

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24
Q

tribe

A

an old-fashioned term used to describe ethnic groups or groups organized by lineage. Avoided by many anthropologists now because of connotations of primitivism and groupthink

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25
Q

village democracies

A

acephalous societies in which an array of social groups provide arenas for discussion and consensus

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26
Q

agency

A

the capability to act and make decisions

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27
Q

biopolitics

A

the ways in which populations are divided and categorized as a means of control, often by the state

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28
Q

capitalism

A

an economic mode of production based around markets, ownership of land and resources, and wage labor. Capitalism has produced classes that are grounded in acceptance of the idea that earned wealth or status is the basis for social hierarchy within a nation

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29
Q

caste

A

a system of social inequality based on an individual’s circumstances of birth, wherein people are not allowed to move out of their social group

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30
Q

class

A

a group of people with the same socioeconomic status and proximity to power

31
Q

colonialism

A

a system through which European (and eventually American) countries exerted power over areas of the world in order to exploit their natural and human resources

32
Q

cultural capital

A

competencies, skills, and qualifications people acquire that allow them cultural authority. An institutionalized form of cultural capital is educational attainment

33
Q

decolonizing anthropology

A

an approach to anthropology that emphasizes the responsibility of anthropologists to work for the enhancement and empowerment of those most alienated and dispossessed

34
Q

egalitarian

A

describes a society or other group in which diverse roles are all given the same decision-making power and accorded the same respect among the group

35
Q

hegemony

A

the ways in which people with power keep their power through the subtle dissemination of certain values and beliefs

36
Q

habitus

A

the ingrained habits and dispositions that are socialized into people from birth depending on their status in society; used to explain how individuals uphold cultural systems

37
Q

ideological state apparatuses

A

distinct and specialized institutions such as religious institutions, public and private education systems, legal systems, political parties, communication systems (radio, newspapers, television), family, and culture (literature, arts, and sports)

38
Q

inequality

A

the unequal distribution of resources

39
Q

inequity

A

the unequal distribution of resources due to an unjust power imbalance

40
Q

interpersonal inequalities

A

power imbalances that are rooted in personal biases and occur every day, reifying and naturalizing inequalities that exist at institutional and systemic levels

41
Q

intersectionality

A

the notion that characteristics such as class, race, gender sexuality, age, and ability can all define and complicate one’s experiences, and a single aspect of identity—race, for example—is insufficient to capture the multidimensional nature of people’s experiences of oppression

42
Q

meritocracy

A

a system in which people succeed entirely through hard work and natural abilities. Someone who believes that they live in a meritocracy consequently overlooks any structural or racial inequities that may keep individuals from accessing the resources necessary for success

43
Q

misogynoir

A

the anti-Black racist misogyny that Black women experience

44
Q

Nakba

A

the 1948 displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians from their homes; translates from Arabic as “disaster” or “catastrophe”

45
Q

necropolitics

A

an extension of Foucault’s biopolitics that explores the government’s power to decide how certain categories of people live and whose deaths are more acceptable

46
Q

neoliberalism

A

an economic model that prioritizes privatization of public services in order to decrease government spending

47
Q

paradigms

A

worldviews that often define a scientific discipline during a specific time period

48
Q

repressive state apparatuses

A

institutions through which the ruling class enforces its control, including the government, administrators, the army, the police, courts, and prisons

49
Q

social capital

A

the nonmonetary resources that people use to gain social status, such as mutual acquaintances, shared cultural knowledge, or shared experiences

50
Q

social mobility

A

the ability of an individual to move up into higher and thus more powerful classes merely by working hard

51
Q

social stratification

A

the hierarchical organization of different groups of people, whether based on racial category, socioeconomic status, kinship, religion, birth order, or gender

52
Q

Sojourner syndrome

A

the interlocking ways in which race, class, gender, and resistance to oppression shape Black women’s bodies and biology. The Sojourner syndrome emphasizes that race, class, and gender are not necessarily multiplied to mean more oppression, but they change the ways people experience oppression

53
Q

state apparatus

A

a system consisting of two intertwined but distinct sets of institutions, the repressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatus, which function together to maintain state order and control

54
Q

structural inequalities

A

power imbalances that exist at a level above personal interactions and institutions and are based on the accumulated effects of institutional decisions across society and history

55
Q

structural violence

A

the experience of intersecting, overlapping structures of discrimination (racism, sexism, classism, ageism, etc)

56
Q

symbolic capital

A

the resources available to an individual because of honor, prestige, or recognition

57
Q

systematic oppression

A

the intentional mistreatment of certain groups

58
Q

systemic inequalities

A

power imbalances created by the confluence of interpersonal, institutional, and structural inequalities

59
Q

systemic oppression

A

the ways in which political, economic, and social inequalities are normalized and perpetuated

60
Q

systems

A

the powerful, overarching beliefs according to which the world is organized that influence the ways in which individuals interact with their world

61
Q

ethnosphere

A

the sum total of all of human knowledge across time

62
Q

asylum

A

legal protection extended by one country to citizens of another

63
Q

cultural hybridity

A

the exchange and innovation within cultures that is a product of migration and globalization

64
Q

diaspora

A

the movement and dispersal of large ethnic groups from their homelands because of warfare, institutionalized violence, or opportunity (usually education or employment)

65
Q

displacement or forced migration

A

migration due to persecution, conflict, or violence; involves refugees and those seeking asylum

66
Q

epidemic

A

a disease that spreads more than expected among a given group of people

67
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak of a disease over a broad area

68
Q

migrant

A

a person who moves from their place of origin to reestablish a household

69
Q

migration

A

movement from one place to another that re-establishes a household, whether temporarily or permanently

70
Q

peasants

A

a rural, subsistence-based agricultural class with limited landholdings

71
Q

post colonialism

A

enduring politico-economic relationships between former colonizers and their former colonies that continue to have negative effects on the former colonies after independence

72
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of plants and animals that exist on Earth and form a living ecosystem

73
Q

remittances

A

transfers of money from workers back to their home countries, usually for their families

74
Q

transnationalism

A

the construction of social, economic, and political networks that originate in one country and then cross or transcend nation-state boundaries

Anthropology (4 decks)

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