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Coagulation > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

What are some properties we can use to classify carbohydrates?

A

How many carbons, C=O functional group location, # of sugar units, sterochemistry

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2
Q

Trioses

A

3-C sugars

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3
Q

Tetroses

A

4-Carbon sugars

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4
Q

Pentoses

A

5-Carbon sugars

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5
Q

Hexoses

A

6 C sugars

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6
Q

What are the monosaccharide components of the disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose?

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose

Lactose = glucose + galactose

Sucrose = Glucose + fructose

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7
Q

Decribe Fisher projection vs Haworth

A

Fisher linear

Haworth- closed shape usually hexagon

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8
Q

What functional group is used to classify carbs

A

Carbonyl C=O

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9
Q

What is the difference between D-glucose and L-glucose

A

D- OH on 5th C is to the right

L- OH on the 5th C is to the left

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10
Q

How many sugar units in oligosaccharides, polysaccharides?

A

Oligo- 3-10 sugar units

Poly- more than 10 monosaccharides

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11
Q

D-glucose and L-glucose are what in relation to each other

A

Isomers

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12
Q

Name 4 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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13
Q

Define and name a few examples of types of glycoproteins

A

Oligosaccharides bonded to membrane proteins

Antibodies

Hormones

Coagulation factors

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14
Q

What is needed for a carb to be a reducing substance

A

The sugar must have a free ketone or aldehyde group

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15
Q

Most ingested carbs are __

A

Polymers

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16
Q

____ breaks the polymers down into dextrins and disaccharides

A

amylase

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17
Q

Where to monosaccharides go after they are digested and absorbed

A

The liver

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18
Q

___ is the only carb that is used or stored directly

A

Glucose

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19
Q

What is the primary source of energy in humans

A

glucose

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20
Q

What is the general reaction for the 1st metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Embden- Meyerhof Pathway

Aerobic- 32 mols of ATP from 1 mol glucose – glucose to pyruvic acid

Anaerobic- 2 mols of ATP from 1 mol of glucose – glucose to lactic acid

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21
Q

What is the general reaction for the 2nd metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Hexose Monophosphate shunt- G6p to 6 phosphogluconic acid, enzyme G6p dehydrogenase

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

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22
Q

What is the general reaction for the 3rd metabolic pathway
What are the end products

A

Glycogenesis
G6P –> glycogen

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23
Q

What metabolic pathway for glucose can produce the sugar used in nucleotide synthesis?

A

Hexose monophosphate- ribose 5 phosphate is used in nucleotide synthesis

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24
Q

What is the storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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25
What tissues are capable of storing glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
Genesis- Liver and muscle Lysis- Liver
26
What metabolic process occurs during short fasting period
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
27
What metabolic process occurs during prolonged fasting
gluconeogenesis
28
What metabolic process occurs during postprandial
after a meal glycogenesis lipogenesis
29
Glucagon is a ___ secreted by ___ and it increases _____ And it also increases ____
hormone alpha langerhans Glucogenolysis Gluconeogenesis
30
Growth hormone is secreted by
the anterior pituitary
31
ACTH is secreted by
anterior pituitary
32
Somatostatin is secreted by ____ and is the intermediate between glucagon and ____
pancreas insulin
33
Which of these ___ increase glucose blood levels, which ones decrease glucagon epinephrine growth hormone ACTH Somatostatin cortisol thryoxine human placental lactogen insulin
all hormones! all increase glucose expect for insulin
34
Epinephrine is secreted by
adrenal cortex
35
Cortisol is secreted by
the adrenal cortex
36
Thyroxine is secreted by
thyroid gland
37
human placental lactogen is secreted by
placenta
38
insulin is secreted by
Beta cells of langerhans
39
What hormones when overproduced mimic diabetes symptoms
cortisol and thyroxine
40
What component is lost when converting preproinsulin into proinsulin the process is called
signal sequence proteolysis
41
What component is lost when converting proinsulin into mature insulin
C-peptide
42
Increase in plasma glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion, action or both causes ___ resulting in the disease
hyperglycemia diabetes mellitus
43
signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia increased or decreased? thirst urination appetite
all increased
44
blurred vision slow healing wounds numbness, tingling in feet rapid breathing decreased consciousness-coma
hyperglycemia
45
Diabetes Mellitus is Type # ___ dependent
1 insulin dependent 2 non insulin dependent
45
Destruction of beta pancreas cells from an autoimmune condition can be a triggering event for___
DM
46
people with diabetes mellitus are prone to ___
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
47
What occurs in DKA
severe hyperglycemia peeing out glucose thirst body uses fatty acids for energy instead results in acidosis, high ketones, elevated glucose levels
48
Type 2 diabetes is when
enough insulin is produces but there is no response to it
49
diabetes type ___ has intact beta cells
type 2
50
diabetes type ___ has less severe symptoms
2
51
What is the treatment for type 1? and type 2?
1- insulin 2- lifestyle changes
52
Type ___ that is out of control can lead to HHS
2
53
HHS occurs most commonly in pts with _____ that leads to ___
febrile illness decreased fluid intake
54
The breakdown of what compounds result in the production of ketones?
fatty acids
55
Type ___ is more prevalent in juveniles and type ___ is more prevalent in adults
1 2
56
What is GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus hyperglycemia during pregnancy
57
How does gestational Diabetes Mellitus affect the infant
can give it hyperglycemia, makes too much insulin more likely if large babies, in past still birth,
58
What causes secondary diabetes
genetic defects of beta cell function or caused by secondary diseases like pancreatic or endocrine
59
What endocrine diseases increase glucose levels
hyperthyroidism cushing's syndrome acromegaly
60
What is the leading cause of death in diabetics
heart disease
61
What are the severe complications that can occur after longterm hyperglycemia
renal failure stroke blindness
62
What part of the body cannot store its own glucose
Central nervous system
63
Main symptoms of hypoglycemia?
dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, nausea, headaches
64
What 3 symptoms diagnose hypoglycemia
low glucose symptoms when glucose is low no symptoms when glucose returns to normal
65
Not eating after consuming insulin can cause____, this is the most common cause in ___
hypoglycemia adults
66
What are the causes of hypoglycemia in neonates
premature, maternal toxemia, maternal diabetes
67
What is the most common diabetes mellitus
type 2
68
What is the optimal specimen for glucose testing? Why isn’t this specimen used more frequently?
glucose dehydrogenase most specific
69
Most common method of measuring glucose
hexokinase
70
What 2 factors determine glycosylated hgb levels
to find average glucose RBC lifespan 2-3 months
71
What test calculates the estimated average glucose
Hgb A1C
72
What are the main criteria to diagnose diabetes
fasting plasma glucose >126 2h plasma glucose >200 random glucose >200
73
What tests are alternatives to find average glucose
fructosamine best for pts with chronic DM
74
elevated ___ is one of the most common reasons for an elevated osmolality
glucose
75
What type of diabetes, chronic or acute glycolsylated Hgb A1C fructosamine urinary protein and microalbumin kidney function
chronic DM
76
What type of diabetes chronic or acute glucose ABG electrolytes ketones lactate osmo kidney function
acute DM
77
What are lipids made of What are their functions
CH bonds storing energy, cell membranes
78
no double C bonds, straight mol kinks- double bonds
saturated unsaturated
79
Trans vs cis fatty acids
trans- Hs on opposite sides cis- Hs on same side
80
No charge or polar groups are ____ like triglycerides
hydrophobic
81
Are Triglycerides cis or trans, saturated or unsaturated
cis unsaturated
82
Are Triglycerides cis or trans, saturated or unsaturated
cis unsaturated oils
83
inositol serine ethanolamine
phospholipid head groups ***
84
How do phospholipids react to water
amphipathic
85
Is cholesterol, saturated or unsatured
unsaturated
86
How does cholesterol react to water
amphipathic
87
cholesterol is usually synthesized by
animals
88
Is cholesterol a source of fuel?
no
89
What compound is used as the precursor for the steroid hormones and vitamin D3?
cholesterol
90
What is cholesteryl ester?
esterified form of cholesterol for storage
91
lipid that has a role in blood clotting
prostaglandin
92
lipid that is an intermediate of cholesterol, associate with carrots
terpenes
93
larger lipoproteins have ____ core regions and ____ amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol esters
large large
94
put lipids in order of biggest to smallest Very low density lipoproteins chylomicrons high density lipoproteins low density lipoproteins
biggest chylomicrons very low low high smallest
95
3 steps of lipid pathway
1. absorption in intestine 2 exogenous in chylos to liver 3 endogenous in VDL to LDL 4 reverse transport in HDL
96
How are exogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?
chylos
97
How are endogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?
LDL
98
What is the main function of lipoproteins
deliver dietary lipids to the liver
99
lipoproteins are rich in
triglycerides
100
What produces VLDL
the liver
101
What is the reason that hyperlipidemic specimen become turbin
VLDL
102
VLDL- the major carrier of ___ triglycerides
endogenous
103
what is iDL
intermediate- we dont care or see it often
104
What is the main carrier of cholesterol to the peripheral cells
LDL
105
Who is good and who is bad LDL HDL
H for happy HDL - good LDL- bad
106
Is LDL small or large?
small, cna get into vessel walls
107
What is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle
HDL
108
least amount of lipids, most amount of protein
HDL
109
Where is HDL synthesized?
liver and intestine
110
What is the main function of HDL
remove excess cholesterol from peripheral cells
111
Match: hypo, tangier or abeta low LDL low LDL low HDL
abetalipoproteinemia hypobetalipoproteinemia tangier disease
112
What enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides?
LIPASE
113
What is the formula to calculate LDL
LDL= cholesterol - HDL - (triglycerides/5)
114
What are the 3 ketone bodies
acetone acetoacetate beta hydroxybutyric acid

Coagulation (7 decks)

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