Exam 5

Question 1

What is mitosis?

Answer 1

Making identical daughter cells

Question 2

What are the benefits of mitosis?

Answer 2

Good for growth and repair

Question 3

How does mitosis divide?

Answer 3

Starts as one cell, then splits into 2, 4, 8, 16, etc

Question 4

What is 2n?

Answer 4

Diploid, 2n means 2 times the number of chromosomes

Question 5

What is meiosis?

Answer 5

The process where a single cell divides twice to produce 4 cells containing half the original amount of genetic information

Question 6

How many rounds of cell division occurs in meisosis?

Answer 6

2 rounds

Question 7

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

Answer 7

Gametes are haploid

Question 8

What is 1n?

Answer 8

Haploid, 1n means half number of chromosomes

Question 9

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 9

46, 23 pairs

Question 10

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 10

The process of sperm cell development

Question 11

What are the 3 parts of sperm and what are their functions?

Answer 11

Tail- for propulsion
Middle piece- motor, produces ATP
Head- plasma and chromosome, no golgi, no mitochondria. Just DNA

Question 12

What is the role of the prostate gland?

Answer 12

To activate the sperm. When swollen it pinches urethra to avoid urination

Question 13

Explain the hormonal regulation of testicular function.

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH
FSH enters blood, goes to testes, stimulates sertoli cells to produce more sperm
Inhibin is produced to lower production of sperm
LH travels to testes, stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, testosterone stimulates sperm production
Negative feedback loops

Question 14

Why are testes external to the body?

Answer 14

To be at a lower temperature to avoid cancers

Question 15

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 15

Testes to create sperm, ovary as oocyte development

Question 16

What is it called when gametes fuse together?

Answer 16

Zygote

Question 17

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 17

Sperm production

Question 18

What is acrosome?

Answer 18

Enzymes on the sperm that break down the surface of the egg

Question 19

What does the seminal vesicle do?

Answer 19

Responsible for creating the semen/liquid component

Question 20

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

Answer 20

Activates just before ejaculation and neutralizes urine

Question 21

How many sperm are in one ejaculate?

Answer 21

200-300 million sperm

Question 22

What are the other cells surrounding primary follicles in females?

Answer 22

Granulosa cells which produce estrogen

Question 23

What happens when fertilization takes place?

Answer 23

HCG is released by embryo which signals CL to produce progesterone for the first trimester, then placenta takes over and produces progesterone and estrogen for rest of pregnancy

Question 24

What hormone are pregnancy tests looking for?

Answer 24

HCG, which is excreted in urine

Question 25

What are the stages of pregnancy in weeks?

Answer 25

Conception-2 weeks is pre embryo Embryo- 3rd-8th week Fetus 9th week-birth

Question 26

What are outer cells of blastocyst called and what do they do?

Answer 26

Trophoblast cells, these become the placenta Mass of cells inside blastocyst is called inner mass which becomes the embryo

Question 27

What is viability of sperm?

Answer 27

48-72 hours

Question 28

What is viability of oocyte?

Answer 28

12-24 hours

Question 29

Where does fertilization have to occur to be a successful pregnancy?

Answer 29

In the ampulla

Question 30

Why does implantation have to be successful for pregnancy to occur?

Answer 30

If HCG doesn’t show up, uterine wall will shed because progesterone won’t be released and fertilized thing will be lost and no pregnancy will happen

Question 31

What is the one protein that’s common to all types of cancers?

Answer 31

P53 P53 is a checkpoint

Question 32

What are the odds someone will be diagnosed with cancer?

Answer 32

1 in 3

Question 33

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle and what days do they occur?

Answer 33

Menstrual phase day 0-5 Proliferative phase day 6-13 Secretory phase day 14-26 Premenstrual phase day 27-28

Question 34

What are the 2 phases in ovarian cycle? What causes the phase to switch?

Answer 34

Follicular phase switches to luteal phase on day 14/ovulation

Question 35

Why does blood volume increase during pregnancy?

Answer 35

Increases 25-40% to accommodate extra need for nutrient delivery and gas exchange

Question 36

What is a gene?

Answer 36

A gene is a segment of DNA thats the instructions for building a protein Proteins give cells their function, genes dictate which proteins are present

Question 37

What is a genome?

Answer 37

Genome is all of your DNA, every cell has the same DNA

Question 38

What is gene pool?

Answer 38

Gene pool is the sum of all alleles in a population

Question 39

What are alleles?

Answer 39

Variants of genes

Question 40

Describe the ovarian events in order.

Answer 40

Begins as developing follicle, mature follicle, ovulation occurs at day 14, then corpus luteum, involution, and new follicles/corpus albicans

Question 41

In females, what hormone surges just before ovulation?

Answer 41

LH has a large surge which triggers ovulation

Question 42

What does LH do in males?

Answer 42

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce more testosterone

Question 43

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 43

FSH in male directly stimulates Sertoli cells to produce more sperm. When sufficient sperm is produced inhibin slows down sperm production

Question 44

What are the germ layers and what will they become?

Answer 44

Ectoderm- Going to become skin and nervous system Endoderm- Going to become lining of gut and most hollow organs- lungs, uterus, vagina Mesoderm- Bones, muscle, heart

Question 45

Describe the events of the menstrual/uterine cycle with days.

Answer 45

Day 1-5 beginning of menstrual flow Day 6-14 endometrium rebuilds itself Day 15-28 blood vessel growth built incase of pregnancy

Question 46

Describe FSH role in females.

Answer 46

FSH - kicks everything off in development of follicles. Comes from pituitary

Question 47

What is the role of granulosa cells in females?

Answer 47

Granulosa cells secrete low levels of estrogen to shut off FSH

Question 48

What happens when estrogen levels reach their peak?

Answer 48

When estrogen levels reach peak, causes a surge of LH which triggers ovulation

Question 49

What hormone shift occurs when fertilization doesn't occur?

Answer 49

If fertilization doesn’t take place, corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen