EXAM 5 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
- individual emperor penguins have special
- adaptations for the antartic climate including… (2)
A
feathers on outside for insulation
thick layer of fat for energy storage/insulation
2
Q
entire pop. of emperor penguins characteristics:
A
- survivorship of chicks
- growth rate of population
3
Q
populations are described by …
A
of and distribution of individuals
4
Q
definition: how big a population changes in size and factors that regulate it over time…
A
population ecology
5
Q
B.I.D.E
things that can change a population
A
increase:
- births
- immigration
decrease:
- deaths
- emigration
6
Q
the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume… (# of oak trees per square km in forest)
A
population density
7
Q
the way individuals are spaced within their area is known as…
A
dispersion pattern
8
Q
3 main dispersion patterns:
A
clumped
uniform
random
9
Q
clumped dispersion and example
A
- grouped, patches, or clusters
- sea stars
10
Q
3 reasons for clumped dispersion pattern
A
- resources: sea stars
- safety in numbers: herds/schools
- cooperative hunting: packs of wolves/colonies of bees
11
Q
uniform pattern and example
A
equally spaced in environment for … resource partitioning
12
Q
random pattern and example
A
- spaced out unpredictably
- dandelions
13
Q
track survivorship over the life span of individuals in a population
A
life tables
14
Q
plot the portion of individuals alive @ each age
A
survivorship curves
15
Q
survivorship curve type I:
trend and why
A
humans, horses, lions, mammals, etc.
Trend: curve straight out then down, most die old
Why: extensive parental care
16
Q
inverse of survivorship rates
A
mortality rates
17
Q
present on life tables
A
- age intervals (appropriate for species)
- individuals born/start age intervals
- individuals dying during interval
18
Q
last row must end with ___
A
zero, or else you didn’t do it right
19
Q
survivorship curve type II:
trend and why
A
smammals, birds, lizards
Trend: straight line ( \ ) varies
20
Q
survivorship curve type III:
trend and why
A
Invertebrates, plants, turtles, fish
Trend: drops dramatically but then keeps going, most die young
Why: little to no parental care
21
Q
x and y axis of survivorship curve graph
A
X: % of max life span
Y: % of survivors
22
Q
the idealized models that describe two kinds of population growth
A
- exponential growth
- logistic growth
23
Q
exponential growth model formula and graph
A
formula: G = rN
G: growth rate of pop.
n: pop. size
r: per capita (individual) rate of increase
graph: J-shaped curve (positive)
24
Q
Exp. growth model conditions and “special” variable
A
ideal conditions!!! &
“r” per capita rate in increase
25
Limiting factors are environmental factors that restrict population growth:
______ growth model
logistic growth model
26
Logisitic growth model formula and graph
formula:
G=rN (K-N / K )
Graph: S-shaped curve
27
maximum number of individuals a population can support in that environment
carrying capacity
28
Logisitic growth model conditions and "special" variable
limiting environment!!! &
"K" = carrying capacity
29
density dependent factors
declining birth and/or increases in deaths
caused by ...
- diseases, infections, waste accumulation
- predators (increasing)
- increased competition for resources
30
density dependent factors are always _____
biotic !
31
a density dependent factor that limits growth... competition of same species that occurs IN a population for limited resources
INTRAspecific competition
32
abiotic factors like weather that affect pop. size
density-independent factors
33
density-independent factors
- weather, fire, disasters, etc.
- human activity
34
"boom-and-bust" cycles may be due to... (2)
- food shortages
- predator-prey interactions
35
populations that regularly fluctuate in density have "_____ & _____" cycles
boom and bust cycles
36
human population continues to _____, but growth rate is _____
increase, slowing
37
what is demographic transition
shift from HIGH birth and death rates ... to LOW birth rates and death rates
has lowered the rate of growth in developed countries
38
developing nations' growth rate characteristics:
- death rates have dropped
- birth rates are still high
- populations still growing rapidly
39
this affects the future growth of the population and is the portion of individuals in diff age groups
age structure
40
three age groupings
- pre reproductive 0-14
- reproductive 14-44
- post reproductive 45+
41
age structure graph
broad base and middle
lots of bebes
42
continued growth that occurs despite reduced fertility
population momentum
43
predict what will happen to population based on shape of graph:
triangle /\
increasing rapidly
44
predict what will happen to population based on shape of graph:
thicker triangle / \
gradually increasing
45
predict what will happen to population based on shape of graph
straight | |
stable
46
predict what will happen to population based on shape of graph
inverted triangle \/
decreasing
47
estimate of how much land you need to sustain yourself
(food, energy/fuel, water, housing, waste disposal)
ecological footprint
48
Ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems: 4 examples
- Buffering against storm damage
- recycling nutrients
- preventing erosion
- pollinating crops
49
Assemblage of all populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction
biological community
50
relationships w/ individuals of other species in the community
(categorized into whether species benefits or suffers loss from interaction)
INTERspecific interactions
51
INTERspecific competition
populations of two diff species compete for the same limited resources
ex: (bird) orange-crowned warbler and Virginias warbler... forage for same plant material and nesting places
INTERspecific competition
52
ecological niche
sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
53
both populations benefit
ex: reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (food and shelter)
mutualism
54
predator kills and eats prey (+,-)
predation
55
animal consumes plant parts or algae (+,-)
herbivory
56
- host plants or animals are victimized by parasites/pathogens
- parasite is smaller than host
- host is kept alive not killed, unlike predation
parasitism
57
three types of parasites
- external (tick)
- internal (tape worm)
-microscopic (pathogen)
58
pathogens have ____ impact on communities
hugeeee
59
pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels
trophic structure
60
autotrophs, support all other levels of trophic structure:
producers
61
heterotrophs (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary)
consumers
62
organisms that derive energy from detritus (dead material produced at ALL trophic levels)
detritivores
63
specialized organisms (mainly prokaryotes and fungi)
--> break down all biotic material back into abiotic (decomposition)
decomposers
64
aquatic food chain example:
1. phytoplankton
2. zooplankton
3. herring fish
4. Tuna
5. killer whale
65
terrestrial food chain example:
1. plant
2. grasshopper
3. mouse
4. snake
5. hawk
66
network interconnecting food chains:
consumers/producers might eat more than one type of consumer/producer and vice versa
food web
67
species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance (occupies a niche that holds the community in place)
presence / absence makes or breaks!!!!!
keystone species
68
examples of keystone species in marine ecosystems: echinoderms
pisaster sea stars and
long-spined sea urchins
69
keystone species will keep a community _____ and _____
diverse and in-balance
70
Pisaster sea stars will eat _____ and keep species under control
mussels
71
long-spined sea urchins will eat _____ which in turn keep coral reef clean
fleshy seaweed
72
species diversity defined by
______ and _____
species richness and
relative abundance
73
species richness is ...
how many species are there, 1, 2, 3, etc.
74
relative abundance is ...
frequency/percent of community that each species represents
75
species diversity includes _____ _____
relative abundance
76
the more diversity a community has, the more _____ it is
(better ability to withstand disturbances)
stable
77
events that damage biological communities
(Storms, droughts, overgrazing, human activity, etc.)
disturbances
78
types, frequency, and severity of disturbances ____ from community to community
vary
79
following a severe disturbance can result in ... (2)
- strip vegetation
- removes significant amount of soil
80
colonization by variety of species, which are replaced by a succession of OTHER species..
ecological succession
81
succession that destroys existing community but leaves soil intact (it all comes back)
secondary succession
82
climax species is at the ____ of succession
end of succession
83
succession that begins from nothing (volcano eruption)
primary succession
84
the three levels of biodiversity
- ecosystem diversity
- species diversity
- genetic diversity within each species
85
2 aspects that reduce genetic diversity
- local populations are lost
- total number of individuals declines
86
genetic diversity is important to populations in order to ...
withstand environmental change
87
list of habitation alterations caused by humans
- agriculture
- urban development
- forestry
- mining
- environmental pollution
88
ranked in order from highest to lowest
H
I
O
P
CC
- habitat (loss) alteration
- invasive species
- overharvesting
- pollution
- climate change
89
what do invasive species do? and what
- compete with native species
- prey on native species
- parasitize native species
90
what has overharvesting threatened?
(can be on purpose or inadvertent)
- rare trees
- reduced populations of tigers, Galapagos tortoises, whales, and rhinos
- depleted wild populations of game fish
91
extraction that exceeds ability to be replenished
overharvesting
92
human activities produce _______
pollutants
93
effects of pollutions
- water cycle transfers pollutants from land to water
- release of chemicals into atm. caused thinning ozone layer (phytoplankton, agriculture/food)
94
concentrates synthetic toxins that cannot be degraded by microorganisms
(buildup of toxins as they move up foodchain)
biological magnification
or "bio accumulation"
95
bio magnification affects organisms ______ on the food chain
higher ... aka us
96
how is CC changing climate (greenhouse gasses)
- global temp has risen 0.8 C in last 100 yrs
- temp increases are not distributed evenly
- Precipitation patterns are changing (sea level rising)
97
warming oceans threaten ____ ____ communities
coral reef
98
where is the greatest affected impact of global climate change
high latitudes and elevations
99
CC has increased ...
- disease carrying mosquitoes
- faster reproduction of bark beetles (destroy acres of conifers out West)
100
application of ecological principles to the study of the structure and dynamics of a collection of ecosystems
landscape ecology
101
edges of habitat
- COMMON
- Predators like to dip in and out of habitats (edge organisms)
- result of habitat fragmentation
102
"in the middle" of a forest, field, etc.
interior organisms
103
connecting isolated habitats that are helpful to fragmented populations
movement corridors
104
areas on earth w/ large number of species (threatened, endemic, etc) ...
biodiversity hotspotsa
105
biodiversity hotspots add up to ____ of terrestrial earth
1.5%
106
undisturbed wildlands surrounded by buffer zones of compatible economic development (you need proper authorization)
highlyyy protected in core (middle) and less and less farther out..
zoned reserves
107
travel to natural areas for tourism and recreation, and has become an important source for conservation efforts
ecotourism
108
using ecological principles to try to return the environment to their natural state
- Detoxify polluted ecosystems
- replanting native vegetation
- returnin waterways to natural course
restoration ecology
109
improving human condition while conserving biodiversity
- depedent on icreasing and applying exoknowledge
