exam 5

Question 1

how is post pit controlled

Answer 1

the paraventricular nucleus and synaptic nucleus synthe size hormones in the soma and transport it through axons = neural input

Question 2

how is ant pit controlled

Answer 2

hypothalamus pituitary portal system
- vascular network

Question 3

CNS hormone regulation

Answer 3

post pit and hypothalamus, and pinneal controlled by cerebral neurons

Question 4

pulsatile release

Answer 4

ant pit regulaed by this causing fluctuations in hormone levels based on duration and time

Question 5

What role does the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus have in males

Answer 5

rat study showed that at birth medial preoptic area is the same in M and F but grows in M. Lesions cause a lack of sexual feeling. Electrical stimulation causes copulation behavior

Question 6

What role does the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus have in females

Answer 6

lorodsis
- mediated by estredial receptors

Question 7

what role does the amygdala have in sexual behaviour

Answer 7

identification of makes, erodic images increase activation in males

Question 8

what role does the ventral striatum have in sexual behaviour

Answer 8

contains nucleus accumbus

Question 9

how can drugs be administered

Answer 9

1. oral
2. injections: intravenous, intramuscular, subcutanous
3. inhalation
4. mucus membrane absorbtion

Question 10

lipid solubility

Answer 10

CNS drug absorbtion from blood brain barrier

Question 11

how are drugs metabolized

Answer 11

liver enzymes and elimination

Question 12

what are the reasons for drug tolerance

Answer 12

metabolic tolerance and functional tolarence

Question 13

Addiction theories

Answer 13

• physical dependence perspective
• positive incentive perspective

Question 14

Mesotelencephalon dopamine system

Answer 14

• nigrostratal pathway: substantia nigra to dorsal striatum
  -mesocorticlimbic pathway: ventrategmental to limbic and cerebral sites

Question 15

mesocorticlimbic pathway

Answer 15

involves dopamine controlling intracranial self administeration

Question 16

intracraniel self-administeration

Question 17

apraxia

Answer 17

deficit in voluntary movement

Question 18

ipilateral movement

Answer 18

hemisphere receive input from the same side, more lateralized

Question 19

spatial ability lateralization

Answer 19

lateralized right
- split brain patiends given 3d shapes
- left hand go to right hem vice versa
- left hanf better performance

Question 20

emotion lateralization

Answer 20

right hem

Question 21

music lateralization

Answer 21

right hem

Question 22

memory lateralization

Answer 22

• left hem: episodic/verbal
  right hem: non verbal

Question 23

What are the four psychiatric disorders covered in this lecture?

Answer 23

Depressive disorders, Bipolar disorders, Anxiety disorders, Tourette’s disorder

Question 24

What defines Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Answer 24

Persistent low mood and loss of interest for more than 2 weeks

Question 25

What are the two types of depression?

Answer 25

Reactive (external cause) and Endogenous (biological/no clear cause)

Question 26

What brain changes are commonly found in depression?

Answer 26

Reduced grey matter, reduced white matter, atypical activity and connectivity

Question 27

What is the monoamine theory of depression?

Answer 27

Depression is caused by low levels of monoamines like serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 28

What does the neuroplasticity theory of depression suggest?

Answer 28

Depression is caused by reduced neurogenesis and low levels of BDNF

Question 29

What is BDNF and its role in depression?

Answer 29

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; supports neuroplasticity and is often reduced in depression

Question 30

What characterizes bipolar disorder?

Answer 30

Episodes of depression alternating with mania or hypomania

Question 31

What’s the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Answer 31

Bipolar I includes full mania; Bipolar II includes hypomania and depression

Question 32

What are brain differences seen in bipolar disorder?

Answer 32

Reduced grey matter and atypical activation patterns

Question 33

What are potential theories explaining bipolar disorder?

Answer 33

Neurotransmitter dysregulation, BDNF pathway issues, circadian and mitochondrial disruptions

Question 34

What are four major types of anxiety disorders?

Answer 34

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Specific Phobias, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety (not all detailed in slides)

Question 35

What brain areas are involved in anxiety?

Answer 35

Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus

Question 36

What is commonly overactive in anxiety disorders?

Answer 36

The brain’s fear response system

Question 37

What is Tourette’s disorder characterized by?

Answer 37

Motor and vocal tics

Question 38

What part of the brain is implicated in Tourette’s?

Answer 38

Basal ganglia

Question 39

What neurotransmitter is believed to be involved in Tourette’s?

Answer 39

Dopamine (dysregulation)

Question 41

What is the main function of Broca’s area?

Answer 41

Speech production

Question 42

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 42

Difficulty producing speech; speech is slow and non-fluent, but comprehension is intact

Question 43

What does Wernicke’s area do?

Answer 43

Language comprehension

Question 44

What happens in Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 44

Fluent but meaningless speech and impaired comprehension

Question 45

What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 45

Connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area; important for repeating spoken language

Question 46

What does the angular gyrus do?

Answer 46

Converts visual input into auditory code (important for reading)

Question 47

What is the pathway for hearing and repeating a word?

Answer 47

Auditory cortex → Wernicke’s area → Arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → Motor cortex

Question 48

What is the pathway for reading a word aloud?

Answer 48

Visual cortex → Angular gyrus → Wernicke’s area → Broca’s area → Motor cortex

Question 49

What area is used in silent reading comprehension?

Answer 49

Angular gyrus → Wernicke’s area (for internal meaning processing)

Question 50

What is a key limitation of the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Answer 50

Language processing is more distributed and not confined to specific regions

Question 51

What type of aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 51

Conduction aphasia – intact comprehension and production, but impaired repetition

Question 52

What are the 3 main assumptions of the cognitive neuroscience approach to language?

Answer 52

1. Language has multiple specialized processes (phonological, grammatical, semantic) 2. Language areas are not exclusive to language 3. Processing is parallel, not sequential

Question 53

What modern methods are used to study language in the brain?

Answer 53

Functional brain imaging (e.g., fMRI, PET scans)