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BMS-102 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Purpose of Endocrine Glands

A

Produce hormones that travel through the body in the bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells

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2
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Non-polar molecules based on cholesterol and can cross the lipid membrane and enter a cell to bind to receptors in the nucleus

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3
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Small proteins which cannot cross the cell membrane.; They bind to receptors on the surface of the cell which causes a cascade of events within the cell

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls secretions of pituitary

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5
Q

Pituitary

A

Stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus, produces many hormones that act on other glands

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6
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Photosensitive gland that sets biological clock

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7
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Control body’s response to stress, produce adrenalin and cortisol

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8
Q

Thyroid

A

Stimulates metabolism in all body cells

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9
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Hormone causes blood calcium levels to rise

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10
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates blood sugar

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11
Q

When Blood Sugar Rises…

A

… the pancreas secretes insulin which signals cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen

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12
Q

When Blood Sugar Falls…

A

… the pancreas secretes glucagon which signals the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

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13
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Childhood diabetes… Occurs when the pancreas can no longer make insulin, usually due to an auto-immune disease; It is treated by monitoring blood glucose and giving insulin injections

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14
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Adult-onset… occurs when cells become resistant to the effects of insulin and do not take up blood glucose in response to it; It is treated with diet and exercise and sometimes drugs

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15
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemical signals that affect the metabolism and behavior of other individuals

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect pressure

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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemicals

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18
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect photons of light

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19
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect pain

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20
Q

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

A

First three bones in the middle ear in which the ear drum is connected to. Vibrations from ear drum are sent through them.

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21
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outermost layer

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22
Q

Iris

A

A flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center.

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23
Q

Pupil

A

The dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina.

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24
Q

Lens

A

By changing its shape, the lens changes the focal distance of the eye. In other words, it focuses the light rays that pass through it (and onto the retina) in order to create clear images of objects that are positioned at various distances. It also works together with the cornea to refract, or bend, light.

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25
Retina
Innermost layer where photoreceptors are located
26
Rods
Sees only black and white. Contains the pigment rhodopsin. Very sensitive, detects very dim light and changes in light intensity.
27
Cones
Allows for color vision. Three kinds: red, blue, or green detection. Less sensitive and requires relatively bright light for stimulation.
28
Skin
A sensory organ with many different types or receptors.
29
Taste
Detected by chemoreceptors in taste buds that recognize chemicals dissolved in saliva. They generate a sensation of sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory).
30
Smell
Detected by chemoreceptors (olfactory cells) found on the roof of the nasal cavity. Smell is a primitive sense and is tied into memory and emotions in the brain.
31
Hearing
Detected by mechanoreceptors (nerves detecting movement within hair cells) found within the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear. Be familiar with the structure of the ear- outer, middle and inner. Vibration of the ear drum is initiated when sound waves strike it, the bones of the middle ear pass this vibration on to the fluid of the cochlea through the oval window. The motion in this liquid causes hair cells to bend.
32
Balance
Mechanoreceptors within the semicircular canals of the inner ear detect motion that allows us to maintain balance.
33
Vision
Detected when photons of light strike the photoreceptors on the retina at the rear of the eye ball. Rod cells detect dim light in black and white while cone cells (red, green and blue) require brighter light to activate them. Be familiar with the structure and layers of the eye as well as how the lens bends to allow you to focus on objects at different distances.
34
Color Blindness
A particular type of Cone cell is missing
35
Near-Sightedness
Image focused in front of the retina
36
Far-Sightedness
Image focused behind the retina
37
Astigmatism
Cornea has an uneven curvature
38
Cataracts
Clouding of the lens of the eye
39
Glaucoma
Ducts that drain fluid around lens are blocked and fluid builds up, pressure compresses arteries feeding nerves of eye
40
Sensory Receptors
The dendrites of specialized neurons adapted to respond to a particular type of stimulation. When stimulated they generate an action potential that goes to the brain for interpretation
41
Resting Potential
(Resting Potential is about -70mv) Charge difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not sending a signal. Fluid inside is more negatively charged than fluid outside. Sodium (Na) ions leak in, then Potassium (P) ions are pumped in as (Na) ions are pumped out, then (P) ions leak out.
42
Action Potential
When stimulation reaching a neuron reaches the ‘threshold’, the neuron will fire (this is an all-or-none response). First Na+ channels open, allowing these ions to flow passively down their concentration gradients into the cell and causing the inside to become temporarily positively charged. Then, K+ channels open and these ions flow out of the cell, making the inside negative relative to the outside once again. The Na+/K+ pump has to restore resting Na+ and K+ concentrations before the neuron can fire again.
43
Myelin Sheath
In a myelinated neuron, a series of neuroglial cells wraps around the axon and insulates it (blocks ion movements) so ions only cross the membrane at the “nodes”
44
Synapse
The gap between the terminal ending of an axon and the input zone of another cell.
45
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Surrounds the spinal cord and the brain, fills ventricles within the brain, blood-brain barrier (consisting of neuroglial cells) controls which solutes enter the cerebrospinal fluid to protect the brain
46
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord
47
Peripheral Nervous System
The nerves that spread throughout the body
48
The Nervous System
Made up of neurons which carry nerve impulses and neuroglial cells which do not send action potentials but support the neurons in a variety of ways.
49
Neurons
Receive input at their dendrites and pass the signal along their axons. The ends of the axons may ‘synapse’ on the dendrites of another neuron or at an effector - such as a muscle. The nucleus and other organelles are found in the cell body of the neuron and a myelin sheath (a type of neuroglial cells) surrounds the axon and insulates it.
50
Cell Membrane and Transmembrane Pumps
The cell membrane of the neuron contains transmembrane proteins that allow ions to cross. The Na+/K+ pump uses active transport to establish a gradient with higher concentrations of Na+ outside of the cell and K+ inside. The Na+ channel and the K+ channel allow these ions to leak slowly down their concentration gradient (passive transport).
51
Parasympathetic Nervous System
"Rest and Digest"
52
Reflex Arcs
Allow an automatic response to a stimulus; impulses do not travel to the brain for processing. A sensory neuron synapses on a motor neuron in the spinal cord (either directly or through an interneuron).
53
Protection of the Brain
Protected by the dura matter, two meninges, and the skull. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain and through the central ventricles to further protect it.
54
Meningitis
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord- usually caused by an infection- either viral or bacterial (the more dangerous type).
55
Concussion
Bruise on the brain- may be dangerous because the skull prevents expansion so bleeding causes pressure that displaces and possibly damages brain tissue.
56
Epilepsy
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain that may cause seizures (convulsions, sensory disturbances or temporary lack of awareness).
57
Multiple Sclerosis
Auto-immune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons. Results in a variety of sensory or motor symptoms depending on which nerves are involved.
58
Parkinson’s disease
Cause muscle tremors and balance problems. Neurons within the thalamus that make dopamine and norepinephrine begin to die. Treatments are drugs which replace neurotransmitters- potential for stem-cell research
59
Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive degeneration of neurons. Loss of memory- associated with aging. Buildup of amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles. Decrease in neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Early-onset has been associated with a genetic defect. Treatments are not satisfactory.
60
Encephalitis
Swelling of the brain itself, may be caused by injury or infection
61
Addiction
Many drugs mimic normal neurotransmitter action in the brain. Addiction results when the body down-regulates its own production of neurotransmitter in response to the presence of the drug.
62
Movement of a Chemical Signal
A chemical signal can pass between neurons in the form of neurotransmitters which are released into the synaptic cleft from vesicles in the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron and picked up by receptors on the dendrites of post-synaptic neurons.

BMS-102 (2 decks)

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