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Biology 1 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek naturalist

Tried to perceive how events and things were connected

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2
Q

Great chain of being

A

Idea developed in the 14th century
Each life form or species was a separate link in this chain with the “lowest” life forms at the beginning of the chain, extending on to humans
Everything in the chain was created at the same time and had not changed

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3
Q

Biogeography

A

A discipline in which the world distribution of plants and animals is studied

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4
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Comparisons of the similarities and differences in the body plans of various groups are made

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5
Q

Fossils are

A

Physical evidence of organisms that lived in the past

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6
Q

Catastrophism

A

Developed by Georges Cuvier (an anatomist)
He believed there was only one time of creation where all the species were made
Global catastrophes wiped out many species and the survivors were left to repopulate the world
All these catastrophes are recorded as fossil evidence in the rocks

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7
Q

Gradualism

A

Idea that slow but continuous processes can eventually add up to big changes
James Hutton

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8
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell
Geologic processes occurring today are the same processes that occurred in the past, and that these processes happen at the same uniform rate

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9
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Traits are inherited after birth

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10
Q

Prevailing beliefs of society can

A

Influence how we interpret clues to natural processes and their observable outcomes

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11
Q

Pre-Darwinian

A 
The earth is young (thousands)
Species don’t change
Adaptation is the work of the creator 
Variations from normal are imperfections
Observations are supposed to support the world views
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12
Q

Post Darwinian

A

The earth is old (billions)
Species are related by descent
Adaptation to the environment involves genetics and environmental conditions
Observation and experimentation are used to test hypotheses, including evolution

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13
Q

Fossil record

A

See succession of life forms over time

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14
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Prehistoric animal with both reptilian and bird like features

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15
Q

Physical features often determine

A

Where a population can spread

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16
Q

Homologous structures

A

Have same structure but different functions

Basic plan originated with an ancestor and is then modified

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17
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in similar groups
Ex: human appendix

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18
Q

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

A

This means development repeats ancestral history

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19
Q

Biochemical similarities and differences among species are

A

Clues to their relatedness

Proteins present in organisms that are exactly or nearly the same

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

When nature “does the selecting” for which organism survives and which one doesn’t
Brings about adaptation to the environment

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21
Q

The environment is constantly changing so

A

Is it important to maintain a variety or diversity in the gene pools of populations so populations can evolve or change through time as the environment changes

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22
Q

Natural selection outlined by Darwin

A

Populations have variations which are inherited
More individuals are born each generation than can survive and reproduce
Some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive/reproduce better than other individuals
An increasing proportion of individuals in succeeding generations have the helpful characteristics
The result is a population that is adapted to its local environment

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23
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

A naturalist

came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection

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24
Q

Missing links are fossils of

A

Transitional or intermediate forms between two major groups of organisms

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25
Artificial selection
When humans dedicar which organisms will mate with one another
26
Evolution is
Change through time | Change in allele (gene) frequencies through time
27
Unit of evolution is
The population
28
Individuals cannot
Evolve | The population evolves!!
29
Variations arise
Through mutation and are essential to the process of natural selection and evolution Random
30
Kinds of variation seen within populations can include
``` Morphological/physical traits Physiological traits related to body functions Behavioral traits (basic instincts, courtship displays, etc) ```
31
Gene pool
Consists of all the genes or alleles in all individuals belonging to the population
32
Alleles
Alternative forms or varieties of a particular gene
33
5 factors are responsible for the mix of alleles
Gene mutations (only way to create new alleles) Crossing over in meiosis (shuffles alleles into new combinations) Independent assortment during meiosis (mix of parent chromosomes in gametes) Fertilization (brings together new combinations of alleles from parents) Changes in chromosome number or structure (resulting from loss, duplication, or mutation of alleles)
34
Environmental conditions can play a role in
The type of genes or alleles inherited
35
Allele frequencies
Refer to the abundance of each kind of allele in a population as a whole Written as decimal Just because a trait is dominant, does NOT mean that it is the one that shows up most often!! Depends on allele frequencies
36
Genetic equilibrium
Allele frequencies are stable and are not changing over time and through generations We measure allele frequencies and genetic equilibrium to determine if evolution is occurring If frequencies change, evolution is happening
37
Allele frequencies will not change and no evolution will occur if
There are no mutations No generic drift No gene flow (immigrating/emigrating and mating) No natural selection Mating is random These will never occur at the same time in populations!! For no evolution to occur, all five would have to happen at the same time
38
Natural selection results in
Adaptation to the environment
39
The Hardy-Weinberg Rule
An equation used to determine if allele frequencies have changed over time p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
40
P equals
Frequency of dominant allele
41
Q equals
The frequency of the recessive allele
42
Mutation
Heritable change of DNA that can alter gene expression Most mutations are harmful Some are neutral/have no effect Some are beneficial
43
Genetic drift
Random change in allele frequencies over the generations as a result of chance Most often occurs in small populations because they have smaller gene pools Ex: founder effect and bottleneck effect
44
Founder effect
Occurs when a few individuals break away from a larger population and establish a new population The gene pool of the new population may be quite different from the one left behind
45
Population bottleneck
Occurs when disease, starvation, or some other stressful event wipes out most of a large population The few individuals left have a smaller gene pool with less variation Alleles can be lost during bottleneck events
46
Gene flow
Immigration and emigration | Physical flow of alleles as individuals leave one population and enter another
47
Natural selection
Difference in survival and reproduction among individuals that differ in one or more traits
48
Directional selection
Allele frequencies shift away from the average and go in one direction Result is a trait or traits at one end of the range of variation become more common
49
Stabilizing selection
The most common form of the trait is favored and the individuals possessing the extreme traits at each end of the spectrum of variation become fewer in number and may disappear altogether
50
Disruptive selection
Selection in which both extreme forms in the range of variation are favored and the average forms are selected against
51
Balanced polymorphism
Occurs when natural selection maintains two or more alleles over the generations at frequencies greater than one percent
52
Sexual dimorphism
Occurrence of phenotypic differences between males and females of a given species Males and females look different and are easy to tell apart Outcome of sexual selection
53
Sexual selection
Trait gives an individual an advantage in reproductive success
54
Gene flow depends on
The mode of locomotion or dispersal of an organism | How fast and how long an organism can move in response to environmental factors or its own hormones
55
Speciation
Changes in allele frequencies that are significant enough to mark formation of daughter species from a parental species
56
Biological species
One or more populations of individuals can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring that are reproductively isolated from other populations
57
Genetic divergence
Buildup of differences in gene pools of two or more separated populations By way of genetic drift, mutations, etc
58
Isolating mechanism
Any heritable aspect of body form, physiology or behavior that prevents interbreeding (gene flow) between genetically divergent populations
59
Prezygotic isolation
Mating is prevented or zygote formation is prevented
60
Temporal isolation
(Time) | Organisms breed at different times of year (seasons)
61
Behavioral isolation
Organisms have different courtship behaviors
62
Mechanical isolation
Sex (copulatory) organs don’t fit or are incompatible
63
Gametic mortality
Gametes of different species are often incompatible and won’t fuse
64
Ecological isolation
Potential mates live in different local habitats within some area and it is unlikely that they would come in contact with one another for mating
65
Postzygotic isolation
The hybrids formed are infertile or sterile
66
Zygote morality
Egg is fertilized by the sperm but the zygote or embryo dies
67
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid organism is produced but has low fitness (sickly)
68
Hybrid offspring
Hybrids are sterile or partially
69
Evolutionary tree diagram
Represents the relationships of organisms in their descent from common ancestors
70
Gradualist model of speciation
Speciation occurs gradually as many small changes in form (ex mutations) build up over time
71
Punctuated model of speciation
Speciation occurs abruptly | Long periods of no change and short periods of rapid change
72
Adaptive radiation
Bursts of small changes within a lineage Result is Formation of many new species in a wide range of habitats Occurs in an area with many unfilled niches
73
3 things that may result in adaptive radiation
Physical access - a one age of organisms is present when an adaptive zone opens up Evolutionary access - if some body structure or structure is modified, this may allow a lineage to exploit the environment in improved ways Ecological access - a lineage can enter an unoccupied adaptive zone or outcompete the resident species
74
Background extinction
Expected rate of the inevitable disappearance of species as local conditions change
75
Mass extinction
An abrupt rise in extinction rates above the background level These extinctions are catastrophic global events where family levels are wiped out simultaneously
76
Type of organisms hardest hit by mass extinctions are
Ones that have highly specialized life styles or survival requirements
77
Generalist organisms have a better time surviving mass extinction events because
They are widely dispersed across the earth and aren’t picky about food, habitats, etc
78
Macroevolution
Refers to large scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among group species Major phenotypic changes
79
Fossilization
Occurs when organisms become buried in sediments or volcanic ash
80
Stratisfication
Layering of sedimentary deposits | Oldest layers are at bottom
81
Soft bodied organisms are not as well preserved as
Those organisms with hard shells or bones
82
Comparative morphology
Comparison of anatomical features of major lineage
83
All vertebrates are
Evolutionarily connected to one another | Evidence is embryological development
84
Development
Repeats ancestral history | "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
85
Major differences in adult forms of related lineages may be brought by
Mutations | Can result in changes in shape
86
Morphological divergence
Macroevolutionary pattern of change from a common ancestor | How body form changes among divergent groups
87
Homology
Similarity in one or more body parts in different organisms that is attributable to descent from a common ancestor
88
Morphological convergence
When two or more unrelated groups develop similar patterns of body structures because of similar environmental pressures on those groups
89
Analogy
Refers to the similarity in body parts among distantly related organisms because of similar environmental pressures (closely related to morphological convergence)
90
Analogous structures
Have same function but a different structure of pattern of arrangement
91
Biochemical similarities and differences among species are clues to their
Evolutionary relatedness
92
Classification schemes are important because
They organize information about species and simplify its retrieval
93
Phylogenetic schemes attempt to
Reflect the evolutionary relationship among species
94
Systematics
Branch of biology that deals with patterns of diversity in an evolutionary context
95
Taxonomy
Naming and identifying organisms
96
Phylogenetic reconstruction
Identification of evolutionary patterns that unite different organisms Based on fossil record and observations of living organisms
97
Classification
Retrieval systems that consist of many hierarchical levels or ranks (like kingdom, phylum, etc.)
98
Systematics approaches patterns in 3 ways:
Taxonomy Phylogenetic reconstruction Classification

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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