Exam 5 Definitions

Question 1

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 1

ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired, while the ease of producing connected speech is not very affected.

Question 2

leptomeninges

Answer 2

the inner two meninges, the arachnoid, and the pia mater, between which circulates the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 3

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 3

aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech.

Question 4

dysphasia

Answer 4

language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, and sometimes also in its comprehension, due to brain disease or damage.

Question 5

hypotonia

Answer 5

decreased muscle tone

Question 6

ataxia

Answer 6

the loss of full control of bodily movements.

Question 7

nystagmus

Answer 7

vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These movements often result in reduced vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination. These involuntary eye movements can occur from side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern.

Question 8

dysmetria

Answer 8

inability to control the distance, speed, and range of motion necessary to perform smoothly coordinated movements. Dysmetria is a sign of cerebellar damage, and often presents along with additional signs, such as loss of balance and poor coordination of walking, speech, and eye movements.

Question 9

apraxia

Answer 9

neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. Both the desire and the capacity to move are present but the person simply cannot execute the act.

Question 10

anosmia

Answer 10

the loss of the sense of smell, either total or partial. It may be caused by head injury, infection, or blockage of the nose.

Question 11

strabismus

Answer 11

condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is focused on an object can alternate. The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia or loss of depth perception.

Question 12

anisocoria

Answer 12

condition in which the pupil of one eye differs in size from the pupil of the other eye. Your pupils are the black circles in the center of your eyes. They are usually the same size. Anisocoria can be caused by several things. You can be born with this condition or develop it later.

Question 13

dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 13

refers to the inability to perform rapid, alternating movements, such as flipping one’s hand from back to front on a flat surface or screwing in a light bulb. DDK can cause problems with upper and lower extremities as well as with speech.

Question 14

saccadic eye movement

Answer 14

rapid eye movements designed to shift the fovea to objects of visual interest. Abnormalities of saccades offer important clues in the diagnosis of several movements’ disorders.

Question 15

aura

Answer 15

A sensation perceived by a patient that precedes a condition affecting the brain. An aura often occurs before a migraine or seizure. It may consist of flashing lights, a gleam of light, blurred vision, an odor, the feeling of a breeze, numbness, weakness, or difficulty in speaking.

Question 16

decerebrate rigidity

Answer 16

involuntary extensor positioning of the arms, flexion of the hands, with knee extension and plantar flexion when stimulated because of a midbrain lesion.

Question 17

decorticate rigidity

Answer 17

An involuntary posturing whereby the arms are extended on the sides while the head is arched back, as exhibited by an individual with lesions or compression in the midbrain

Question 18

diplopia

Answer 18

perception of 2 images of a single object.

Question 19

fasciculations

Answer 19

muscle twitch, is a spontaneous, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation, involving fine muscle fibers. They are common, with as much as 70% of people experiencing them. They can be benign or associated with more serious conditions.

Question 20

hemianopia

Answer 20

blindness over half the field of vision.

Question 21

hyperesthesia

Answer 21

condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense. Stimuli of the senses can include sound that one hears, foods that one tastes, textures that one feels, and so forth.

Question 22

myoclonus

Answer 22

sudden muscle spasm. The movement is involuntary and cannot be stopped or controlled. It may involve one muscle or a group of muscles. The movements may occur in a pattern or randomly.

Question 23

nuchal rigidity

Answer 23

• inability to flex the neck forward due to rigidity of the neck muscles

Question 24

ptosis

Answer 24

when the upper eyelid droops over the eye. The eyelid may droop just a little, or so much that it covers the pupil (the black dot at the center of your eye that lets light in). Ptosis can limit or even completely block normal vision.

Question 25

photophobia

Answer 25

light sensitivity, is an intolerance of light. Sources such as sunlight, fluorescent light, and incandescent light all can cause discomfort, along with a need to squint or close your eyes. Headaches also may accompany light sensitivity. Light-sensitive people sometimes are bothered only by bright light.

Question 26

scotoma

Answer 26

a partial loss of vision or blind spot in an otherwise normal visual field.

Question 27

hyperhidrosis

Answer 27

abnormally excessive sweating that is not necessarily related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Besides disrupting normal daily activities, this type of heavy sweating can cause social anxiety and embarrassment.

Question 28

optic neuritis

Answer 28

swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. Common symptoms of optic neuritis include pain with eye movement and temporary vision loss in one eye.

Question 29

allodynia

Answer 29

experience of pain from stimuli that is not normally painful.
dermatographia- condition in which lightly scratching your skin causes raised, red lines where you have scratched.

Question 30

gustatory hallucinations

Answer 30

relatively common distortions which occur spontaneously in the oral cavity in the absence of any food or beverage. They occur in most patients who suffer a loss of taste acuity following several common events such as a viral-type illness, systemic allergic rhinitis, or head injury.

Question 31

diaphoresis

Answer 31

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.

Question 32

tonic-clinic seizures

Answer 32

begins on both sides of the brain but can start in one side and spread to the whole brain. A person loses consciousness, muscles stiffen, and jerking movements are seen. These types of seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes and take longer for a person to recover

Question 33

incontinence-

Answer 33

lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation

Question 34

status epilepticus

Answer 34

single seizure lasting more than five minutes or two or more seizures within a five-minute period without the person returning to normal between them.

Question 35

nerve

Answer 35

a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

Question 36

axon

Answer 36

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

Question 37

Schwann cells

Answer 37

type of glial cells of the peripheral nervous system that help form the myelin sheath around the nerve fibers. Myelin sheath of the neuron. A Schwann cell envelops and rotates around the axon forming myelin sheath, now axon is myelinated.
nodes of Ranvier- periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

Question 38

neurilemma

Answer 38

the thin sheath around a nerve axon (including myelin where this is present).

Question 39

myelin sheath

Answer 39

forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Question 40

dendrites

Answer 40

a short, branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

Question 41

grey matter

Answer 41

major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.

Question 42

white matter

Answer 42

tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons).

Question 43

cerebrum

Answer 43

largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb.

Question 44

meminges

Answer 44

the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

Question 45

midbrain

Answer 45

forward-most portion of the brainstem and is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

Question 46

pons

Answer 46

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
medulla oblongata- long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing.

Question 47

cerebellum

Answer 47

major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem. This part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements. It is also responsible for several functions including motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.

Question 48

thalamus

Answer 48

small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The primary function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.

Question 49

hypothalamus

Answer 49

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus which coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

Question 50

basal ganglia

Answer 50

group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. The structures generally included in the basal ganglia are the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in the cerebrum, the substantia nigra in the midbrain, and the subthalamic nucleus in the diencephalon.

Question 51

corpus callosum

Answer 51

large, C-shaped nerve fiber bundle found beneath the cerebral cortex. It stretches across the midline of the brain, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It makes up the largest collection of white matter tissue found in the brain.

Question 52

afferent nerves

Answer 52

sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain, while efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement.

Question 53

efferent nerves

Answer 53

carry information away from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. Efferent may also be used generally to describe nerves that are leaving a nervous system structure.

Question 54

upper motor neurons

Answer 54

They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and carry information down to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax.

Question 55

lower motor neurons

Answer 55

motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons).

Question 56

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 56

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring information from the periphery to the spinal cord.

Question 57

erythema migrans

Answer 57

expanding rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease, and can also (but less commonly) be caused by southern tick-associated rash illness.

Question 58

fibromyalgia

Answer 58

disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues. Researchers believe that fibromyalgia amplifies painful sensations by affecting the way your brain and spinal cord process painful and nonpainful signals.

Question 59

petechiae

Answer 59

pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin because of bleeding. The bleeding causes the petechiae to appear red, brown, or purple. Petechiae commonly appear in clusters and may look like a rash. Usually flat to the touch, petechiae do not lose color when you press on them.

Question 60

Reed-Sternberg cells-

Answer 60

distinctive, giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma. They are usually derived from B lymphocytes, classically considered crippled germinal center B cells.

Question 61

hepatomegaly

Answer 61

abnormal enlargement of liver

Question 62

splenomegaly

Answer 62

spleen becomes enlarged. It is also commonly referred to as enlarged spleen or spleen enlargement. The spleen is a part of your lymphatic system. It helps the immune system by storing white blood cells and helping in the creation of antibodies.

Question 63

adenomatous polyp

Answer 63

benign (noncancerous) growths but may be precursor lesions to colorectal cancer. Polyps greater than one centimeter in diameter are associated with a greater risk of cancer. If polyps are not removed, they continue to grow and can become cancerous.

Question 64

colonoscopy

Answer 64

doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer.

Question 65

scleroderma

Answer 65

long-lasting disease that affects your skin, connective tissue, and internal organs. It happens when your immune system causes your body to make too much of the protein collagen, an important part of your skin. As a result, your skin gets thick and tight, and scars can form on your lungs and kidneys.

Question 66

polydipsia

Answer 66

abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease (such as diabetes) or psychological disturbance

Question 67

polyuria

Answer 67

production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine.

Question 68

polyphagia

Answer 68

excessive or extreme hunger. It is different than having an increased appetite after exercise or other physical activity. While your hunger level will return to normal after eating in those cases, polyphagia will not go away if you eat more food

Question 69

goiter

Answer 69

abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below your Adam’s apple. Although goiters are usually painless, a large goiter can cause a cough and make it difficult for you to swallow or breathe.

Question 70

adenoma

Answer 70

benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. Adenomas can grow from many glandular organs, including the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid, prostate, and others.

Question 71

exophthalmos

Answer 71

bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit

Question 72

sarcoidosis

Answer 72

inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs in the body, but mostly the lungs and lymph glands. In people with sarcoidosis, abnormal masses, or nodules (called granulomas) consisting of inflamed tissues form in certain organs of the body

Question 73

amyloidosis

Answer 73

rare disease that occurs when an abnormal protein, called amyloid, builds up in your organs and interferes with their normal function. Amyloid is not normally found in the body, but it can be formed from several different types of protein

Question 74

Sheehan’s syndrome

Answer 74

affects women who lose a life-threatening amount of blood in childbirth or who have severe low blood pressure during or after childbirth, which can deprive the body of oxygen. This lack of oxygen that causes damage to the pituitary gland is known as Sheehan’s syndrome.

Question 75

ADHD

Answer 75

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 76

SAD

Answer 76

seasonal affective disorder

Question 77

BPSS

Answer 77

biopsychosocial spiritual model

Question 78

GAD

Answer 78

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 79

PTSD

Answer 79

post traumatic stress disorder

Question 80

OCD

Answer 80

obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 81

lanugo

Answer 81

fine, soft hair, especially that coves the body and limbs of a human newborn or fetus

Question 82

psychiatry

Answer 82

the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Question 83

psychology

Answer 83

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in each context.

Question 84

social work

Answer 84

practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion and the empowerment of people and communities.