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BIOL228 > EXAM 5 STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

EXAM 5 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What are gonads?

A

-Secrete sex hormones
-produce gametes
-are the male testes and female ovaries
-are the format until puberty

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2
Q

The male homologue to the labia major is the __

A

Scrotum

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3
Q

When is puberty initiated?

A

When a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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4
Q

What is located in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Primary target cells for GnRH

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5
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

How many chromosomes are in a gamete?

A

23

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7
Q

What results in the four daughter cells that are a haploid

A

The process of meiosis

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8
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

-Mitosis produces genetically identical to parent cell
-Meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell

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9
Q

What is crossing over? Where does it occur?

A

-Double-stranded, homologue chromosomes exchange genetic material
-meiosis

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10
Q

What does a replicated chromosome consist of?

A

-Sister chromatids

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11
Q

What occurs prior to meiosis?

A

Interphase

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12
Q

When is a tetrad formed?

A

When homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis

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13
Q

What is a reduction division?

A

The daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

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14
Q

What is pulled apart in anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids

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15
Q

What process results in a daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes

A

Meiosis 1

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16
Q

What does a mature follicle contain?

A

Secondary oocyte

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17
Q

What does the corpus lute form from?

A

From the remnants of the follicle following ovulation

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18
Q

What is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood?

A

Primary oocytes

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19
Q

When is the volume of the antrum the largest?

A

Mature follicle

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20
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

When an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle

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21
Q

What do ovaries contain in a female infant?

A

Primary oocytes within primordial follicles

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22
Q

What is arrested in metaphase II?

A

Secondary oocyte

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23
Q

How many secondary oocytes develop from each primary oocyte?

A

1

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24
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

-Follicular
-Ovulation
-Luteal

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25
What does the peak in a secretion of LH induce?
Ovulation
26
What phases occurs on days 15-28?
Luteal
27
What is the infundibulum?
Lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the frimbriae
28
What encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation?
Frimbriae
29
What happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Normal site of fertilization
30
What are the functions of the uterine?
-Passageway for sperm -Muscle contraction for labor and delivery -Site of implantation -Protection and support of developing embryo
31
What is the endometrium?
The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer
32
What is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called?
External os
33
What is the myometrium of the uterus composed of?
Smooth muscle
34
What is the vagina?
Serves as the birth canal
35
What happens during menstruation with the functional layer of the endometrium?
Sloughs off
36
What coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle
Secretory phase
37
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
-Menstrual -Proliferative -Secretory
38
What phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle?
Secretory
39
What levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
Progesterone levels
40
What is oxytocin crucial for?
Milk ejection
41
What regulates the temperature of the testes?
Dartos and cremaster
42
What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?
Sperm
43
What secretes testosterone?
Interstitial cells in the testes
44
What is spermatogenesis?
-Process takes place in the walls of seminiferous tubules -Process includes two meiotic divisions -Final stage is spermatogenesis -Mature spermatozoa are haploid
45
What does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon?
Nuclear material
46
What are the stages during spermatogenesis?
-Spermatogonium -Primary spermatocyte -Secondary spermatocyte -Spermatid -Spermatozoon
47
What contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte?
Acrosome cap
48
How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?
4
49
What stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men?
LH
50
How does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce..
More gametes that are smaller in size
51
What is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature?
Spermatozoa
52
What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis?
-Epididymis -Ductus deferens -Ampulla -Ejaculatory duct -Urethra
53
What does the prostate gland encircle?
The urethra
54
What does the seminal vesicle secrete?
A fluid containing fructose
55
What does seminal fluid contain?
-Prostaglandin -Citric acid -Mucous -Seminalplasmin
56
What do bulbourethral glands produce?
A clear, viscous mucin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
57
What is semen composed of?
Seminal fluid and sperm
58
What is an erection of the penis caused by?
Blood filling the reptile bodies and compressing the veins
59
What nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitric oxide?
Parasympathetic
60
What determines an individuals phenotypic sex?
The appearance of the external genitalia
61
What does reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone do?
Allow changes to occur in a woman's body at menopause
62
What changes are associated with aging in males?
-Erectile dysfunction -Impotence -Decreased testosterone levels -Prostate enlargement
63
What secretes anti-mullerian hormone?
Sustentacular cells
64
When is the embryonic period?
Third through eight weeks of development
65
What period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus?
The blastocyst implants in the uterus
66
What occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? What does it restore?
-Fertilization -The diploid number of chromosomes
67
What gamete remains viable for longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract?
Sperm
68
When does the oocyte release chemotaxis signals to attract sperm to its location?
After ovulation
69
What is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration?
Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane
70
What involves in a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of conceptus?
Mitotic
71
When does cleavage occur?
The pre-embryonic period
72
When is the conceptus known as morula?
At the 16 cell stage
73
What is implantation?
Process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium
74
What is the syncytiotrophoblast?
Outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus
75
What is human chronic gonadotropin?
Hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place
76
What is secreted from cells of the synctiotrophoblast?
Human chronionic gonadotropin
77
What is the yolk sac?
An important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extra embryonic membranes to form
78
What arises from the functional layer of the uterus?
Maternal portion of the placenta
79
What is chronionic villi?
Fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion
80
What results in the formation of an embryo?
Gastrulation
81
What is the endoderm?
The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast
82
What is neurulation?
The development of the nervous system
83
What are the teratogens the most damaging organ systems if exposure to them occurs?
When the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo
84
When is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest?
The last two months of pregnancy
85
What happens in the first trimester?
The embryo becomes a fetus
86
What trimester is months 4-6?
Second trimester
87
What inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy?
Estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregnancy
88
What leads to the stronger nails and ruler hair in pregnant women?
The high levels of estrogen and progesterone
89
What is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?
Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation
90
What happens during pregnancy with a women's areolae and nipples?
They become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the placenta
91
What is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and its level increase tenfold during pregnancy
Prolactin
92
When is the morning sickness most common?
First trimester
93
What is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta?
-Increasing respiration rate -Lowering CO2 levels in the blood
94
What does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy?
Production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
95
What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?
Contractions that occur during false labor
96
What are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix?
-Fatty acids -Dilate

BIOL228 (3 decks)

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