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ANA 109 > EXAM 5: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

EXAM 5: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which has quicker and more precise communication, endocrine or nervous system?

A

Nervous, endocrine is slower and more widespread.

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2
Q

What gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions? What system is this important to?

A

Pancreas; Digestive

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3
Q

What glands are among the key sites for hormone production and release?

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

What glands secrete their products into ducts?

A

Exocrine

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5
Q

Where does the endocrine system secrete hormones?

A

Into the interstitial fluid that surrounds each cell, then they diffuse into the blood stream

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6
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

Lipid soluble and Water soluble

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7
Q

Describe Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) Hormones

A

Can’t freely move through bloodstream, needs a chaperone
Target cell: can DIFFUSE into target cell
steroid

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8
Q

Describe water soluble hormones

A

Can dissolve in blood on their own
Target cell: Needs transport protein
Amino acid hormone

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9
Q

What is the “Golden Rule of Hormones”?

A

Any cell with a receptor for the hormone will be sensitive to that hormone.

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10
Q

Why will the number of hormone receptors on the cell membrane’s surface change?

A

Depending on need

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11
Q

What happens in Down-Regulation?

A
  • Number of receptors decreases
  • Makes the target tissues LESS sensitive
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12
Q

When does Down-Regulation occur?

A

When there are TOO MANY hormones in the blood stream

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13
Q

When does Up-Regulation occur?

A

When there is NOT ENOUGH hormones in the bloodstream

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14
Q

What happens in Up-Regulation?

A

-Number of receptors increase
- Makes the target tissue more sensitive

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15
Q

What are some responses that can occur when a hormone binds to a receptor on its target cell:

A

Increase or decrease in gene expression
Increase or decrease in metabolism
Increase or decrease in secretion

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16
Q

What gland sits on top of the kidney?

A

Adrenal (Suprarenal) glands

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17
Q

What does the adrenal medulla contain?

A

the inner core of gland tissue, which is 10-20% of the total gland volume

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18
Q

Two main functions of the inner core of adrenal?

A

1.) Endocrine Gland
2.) Sympathetic Nervous System Ganglion

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19
Q

What do chromaffin cells release when stimulated?

A

Catecholamines

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20
Q

What are 4 effects of catecholamines?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Dilated blood vessels
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased breathing rate
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21
Q

What is another name for epinephrine?

A

Adrenaline

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22
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

The cortex that surrounds the medulla and secretes several hormones from three layers of glandular tissue.

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23
Q

Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

1.) Zona Glomerulosa
2.) Zona Fasciculata
3.) Zona Reticularis

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24
Q

What hormone is secreted in the Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

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25
Q

What hormone is secreted in the Zona Fasciculata?

A

Cortisol

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26
Q

What hormone is secreted in the Zona Reticularis?

A

Androgens

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27
Q

What is cortisol?

A

The stress hormone

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28
Q

Cortisol is secreted in response to the release of what hormone?

A

ACTH

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29
Q

What are the metabolic effects of cortisol?

A

Repair of tissues

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30
Q

Aldosterone is secreted as a response to what?

A

Hormonal signals from the kidneys

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31
Q

What is the purpose of aldosterone?

A

Helps retain water
Causes the retention of Na+

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32
Q

What is the largest gland that is all the way endocrine?

A

Thyroid Gland

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33
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland:

A
  • Thyroxine
  • Triiodothyronine
  • Calcitonin
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34
Q

How many iodine atoms does thyroxine have?

A

4

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35
Q

How many iodine atoms does triiodothyronine have?

A

3

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36
Q

What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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37
Q

What are the two ways that PTH works to raise blood Ca2+?

A

Calcitriol Synthesis
Bone resorption

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38
Q

What is Calcitriol synthesis?

A

Increased absorption of Calcium from food

39
Q

What does bone resorption do?

A

Increase osteoclasts

40
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Endocrine Pancreas

41
Q

What does endocrine pancreas do?

A

Blood Glucose Regulation

42
Q

What does exocrine pancreas do?

A

Digestive Enzyme Production

43
Q

What do Beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

44
Q

What do Delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

45
Q

What do Alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

46
Q

What causes insulin to be secreted by beta cells?

A

Increased blood glucose levels

47
Q

What does insulin stimulate cells to do?

A

Use or store glucose

48
Q

What is insulins job?

A

LOWER blood glucose levels after a meal

49
Q

What are the 3 ways that insulin lowers our blood glucose levels?

A
  • Metabolizing glucose to create ATP (Glycolysis)
  • Converting the excess into fat (Adipose)
  • Traffic to liver or muscle to create glycogen (glycogenesis)
50
Q

What disease is associated with an insufficiency of insulin production?

A

Type 1 Diabetes

51
Q

What disease is associated with an insufficiency of insulin reaction?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

52
Q

Name the steps used as insulin works in the body:

A

1.) You eat a meal
2.) Insulin is released from beta cells in pancreas
3.) Insulin binds to insulin receptor
4.) Opens glucose/Na+ symporter
5.) Sodium carries glucose into cell

53
Q

What step is inflicted by Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Release of insulin from beta cells in pancreas

54
Q

What step is inflicted by Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Insulin binding to insulin receptors

55
Q

Glucagon is released by alpha cells in response to what?

A

LOW blood glucose levels

56
Q

What does glucagon stimulate cells to do?

A

Recycle or produce glucose

57
Q

What is the job of glucagon?

A

RASIE our blood glucose levels during fasting

58
Q

What are the 3 ways that glucagon raises blood glucose levels?

A
  • Increase production of glucose (New glucose- Gluconeogenesis)
  • Break apart glycogen (glycogenolysis)
  • Increase release of stored glucose
59
Q

What does glucagon turn to when it raises blood glucose levels during fasting?

A

Fats, lipids, and proteins

60
Q

Where is the pituitary gland suspended from?

A

The floor of the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum/hypophysis and is housed on a bony depression called the sella turcica.

61
Q

What are the two structures of the pituitary?

A

Anterior and Posterior

62
Q

What does the anterior pituitary use to communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

63
Q

What does the posterior pituitary use to communicate?

A

Axons (nerve fibers)

64
Q

The anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) arises from what?

A

Primordial Pharynx, ,making it epithelial tissue

65
Q

The posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) is what kind of tissue?

A

Nervous

66
Q

Anterior Pituitary Embryonic Origin?

A

Oral Epithelial

67
Q

Posterior Pituitary Embryonic Origin?

A

Nervous tissue

68
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) targets what?

A

Adrenal gland

69
Q

ACTH releases what?

A

CRH

70
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) targets what?

A

Liver and muscles

71
Q

hGH releases what?

A

GHRH, GHIH

72
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) releases what?

A

TRH

73
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) release what?

A

GnRH

74
Q

Prolactin (PRL) targets and does what?

A

Breast Milk Production

75
Q

PRL releases what?

A

PRH and PIH

76
Q

How does the hypothalamus control its release of hormones?

A

Tells anterior pituitary to release SPECIFIC hormones

77
Q

How does the hypothalamus control its inhibition of hormones?

A

Tells anterior pituitary NOT to release specific hormones

78
Q

What kind of feedback does the hypothalamus use to closely control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Negative feedback from target glands

79
Q

What does HPO axis stand for?

A

H- Hypothalamus
P- Anterior Pituitary
O- Organ ( thyroid, adrenal gland, gonads)

80
Q

The secretion of ACTH is controlled by what?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

81
Q

The secretion of hGH is stimulated by what?

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

82
Q

What does hGH signal the liver to secrete?

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) which promotes cell division

83
Q

The secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is stimulated by what?

A

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH)

84
Q

TSH signal the thyroid gland to secrete what?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4)

85
Q

TSH and TRH are inhibited by rising levels of what?

A

T3 and T4

86
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are stimulated by what and act on what?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), act on gonads

87
Q

Prolactin release is stimulated by what?

A

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) and Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

88
Q

PRL is LOW unless what?

A

A mother is breastfeeding

89
Q

Nuclei of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

Supraoptic Nucleus

90
Q

Nuclei of Oxytocin (OT)?

A

Paraventricular Nucleus

91
Q

What is the bonding hormone?

A

Oxytocin

92
Q

What is the ONLY positive feedback hormone?

A

Oxytocin

93
Q

Oxytocin does what?

A
  • Enhances smooth muscle contractions and facilitates labor and delivery
  • Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands after delivery
94
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) does what?

A

Increase blood pressure by minimizing the amount of water excreted in the kidneys.

ANA 109 (1 decks)

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