Exam

Question 1

leaf characteristics of dealing with water conservation

Answer 1

small leaves; Small surface area to volume; Drought deciduous leaves/ folding leaves; Thick cuticle with waterproof exterior which prevents water from escaping easily; Stomata- on bottom leaf or open at night with low temperatures

Question 2

lethargy

Answer 2

decrease voluntary muscle activity

Question 3

gila monster

Answer 3

venom for causing pain, not for disabling predators

Question 4

semelparity

Answer 4

one big bang of reproduction

Question 5

Spea multiplicata

Answer 5

less carnivorous, faster life cycle

Question 6

desert millipede

Answer 6

exudes nasty chemicals through segments on side when picked up
cylindrical shape withstands more pressure when being crushed
Mechanical advantage with all the legs; head turned under and then shoves it through dirt/soil chewing on organic matter

Question 7

maternal effects

Answer 7

can rapidly (in two generations) reduce competition between species by shifting the distribution of a plastic trait.

Question 8

the Madrean Archipelago

Answer 8

57 montane ‘islands’ ranging from 3000-10,000ft

Question 9

Giant desert centipede

Answer 9

If you eat the wrong end it bites you
It has both a dark reddish head and butt with yellow in between
Can be 9 inches long
Predator=grasshopper mice

Question 10

iteroparity

Answer 10

multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime

Question 11

spadefoot toads hybridization

Answer 11

males are dominant in determining life cycle

Question 12

Canalization

Answer 12

the process by which a formerly plastic trait becomes fixed and loses the ability to respond to environmental variation

Question 13

tailless whipscorpian

Answer 13

Long legs that act as antennae

Tons of dense, sensory hairs

Question 14

evaporative cooling

Answer 14

sweating for non-hairy mammals or birds;
pant/ gular flutter is heat loss from tongue;
salivate/lick limbs;
regurgitate fluids (insects)

Question 15

thermo and osmoregulation

Answer 15

when body temerature gets too high, we get use our fluids for evaporative cooling. once we get too dehydrated, our blood salinity gets high. too high of a blood salinity damages our enztmes

Question 16

Allen’s Rule

Answer 16

short appendages in cool, long appendages in heat; long appendages make sure heat is not concentrated at the core

Question 17

Bark scorpion

Answer 17

No aposematic coloration
Tears prey with claws first
Then attacks with tail if it is too active

Question 18

sky islands

Answer 18

A mountain habitat that is isolated by ‘seas’ of inhospitable conditions for the plants and animals that live on them

Question 19

loop of Henle

Answer 19

does NOT concentrate urine; manufactures the concentration gradient of salty tissue that is responsible for concentrating urine

Question 20

Loop of Henle descending loop

Answer 20

Water diffuses out of filtrate into (already) salty kidney tissue

Question 21

torpor

Answer 21

reduced metabolic rate, allow body temp to drop (still above ambient temp, but considerably lower that “normal”)

Question 22

pinacate beete

Answer 22

Puts out noxious chemicals

Grasshopper mice eat this as well- Shake off the head on ground and eat butt

Question 23

Aposematic coloring examples

Answer 23

velvet ants, giant desert centipede, giant mesquite bug

Question 24

Spea bombifrons

Answer 24

more carnivorous, slower life cycle

Question 25

giant mesquite bug

Answer 25

Plant suckers for mesquite tree Aposematic coloring = red/green/black Taste terrible

Question 26

datura

Answer 26

sacred vomiting=spiritual cleansing hallucinations

Question 27

Loop of Henle ascending loop

Answer 27

active transport of sodium out of the filtrate, making the tissues around the loop extremely salty

Question 28

reasons for dispersal

Answer 28

avoid competition from parent; easier to evade predators, could find more favorable environment

Question 29

regal horned lizard

Answer 29

Slow Prey is eggs, baby birds, and baby rabbits Venom scares off predators Causes pain

Question 30

increasing heat loss

Answer 30

radiate heat from skin, evaporative cooling, increase S/V, reduce/increase contact with substrate; reduce insulation

Question 31

brown fat

Answer 31

generates heat from mitochondria

Question 32

advantages/disadvantages of iteroparity

Answer 32

advantage: not every year will be a bad year; disadvantage: crop will never have maximum efficiency

Question 33

chagas disease

Answer 33

destroys red blood cells

Question 34

winter annuals in the sonoran

Answer 34

longer life cycles than summer annuals (I think) frost resistant cold germination cues

Question 35

stinger examples

Answer 35

vevet ants, tarantula hawk

Question 36

velvet ants

Answer 36

have aposematic colorarion i.e. black, red, light grey painful stings

Question 37

Kissing bug/ cone-nose bug

Answer 37

Chagas Disease Destroys red blood cells =blood flagellate

Question 38

transvolcanic jays

Answer 38

speciated away from Mexican jays a long time ago, now live with them in semalpatry, proof that speciation can occur due to genetic divergence, not just ecological divergence

Question 39

behavioral adaptations for dealing with cold stress long term

Answer 39

hibernation, profound dormancy, lower body temperature seasonally, avoid by migration, hoard food

Question 40

thermogenesis to deal with cold stress

Answer 40

increase metabolic rate; increase voluntary muscle activity; shiver; brown fat

Question 41

wind pollinator

Answer 41

less meat than animal pollinator, less color, less scent

Question 42

reducing heat loss to deal with cold stress

Answer 42

lessen blood flow to skin/extremities; decrease surface are to volume ratio by huddling with others or entering a fetal position; increase insulation through fur/down and piloerection; increase body fat

Question 43

Pep carboxylase

Answer 43

enzyme that attracts CO2 for C4 photosynthesis, does not have an affinity for O2

Question 44

leaf characteristics of dealing with heat stress

Answer 44

idk

Question 45

purposes of venom

Answer 45

1) Incapacitate (to slow down/disable prey as they try to run away) 2) Pre-digestion (as the prey is still alive) 3) Pain (often used as a warning for predators who remember the pain from previous attempts to eat this species)

Question 46

asymmetrical endotherm metabolic rate

Answer 46

high in cold temperatures to keep animal warm; at high temperatures, the endotherm experiences hyperthermy and its metabolism also increases

Question 47

Collecting ducts

Answer 47

collect filtrate from Loops of Henle, pass thru the salty tissue of kidney. Outer membrane of CD permeable to water→water passes from filtrate into salty tissue, concentrating urine. Outer membrane not permeable to water→no water loss from filtrate, copious, dilute urine passes from body.

Question 48

Resorption

Answer 48

retrieval system used to get the salts, sugars and amino acids back from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubules

Question 49

behavioral adaptations for dealing with cold stress short term

Answer 49

torpor, overnight body temperature reduction, change microhabitat

Question 50

sources of water

Answer 50

1) standing water 2) water from food 3) metabolic water

Question 51

Tarantula hawk

Answer 51

some have really painful/intense stings

Question 52

Filtration

Answer 52

salts, sugars, amino acids leaves the bloodstream. Takes place in glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule

Question 53

Alexander Von Humboldt

Answer 53

discovered that latitudinal change mimics elevational change in terms of vegetaion