exam 6

Question 1

Braxton-hicks contractions

Answer 1

• False labor that increases in intensity and frequency but does not cause cervical changes
• Virtually impossible to distinguish between true and false in the field

Question 2

Gestational diabetes

Answer 2

• Condition in which diabetes presents during pregnancy, most common in third trimester
  
  • women with gestational diabetes are at risk of eclampsia
  • Neonates of mothers with gestational diabetes will be larger

Question 3

Placenta Previa

Answer 3

• Abnormal implantation of the placenta on lower half of uterine wall
• Contractions pull placenta from uterine wall
• Painless third-trimester bleeding
• Can be total or partial
• Can prevent vaginal delivery

Question 4

Abruption placentae

Answer 4

• can be caused by trauma, young maternal age, or substance use
• Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from uterine wall
  
  • Pain
  • Hemorrhage
  • Fetal Hypoxia

Question 5

Uterine rupture

Answer 5

• Tearing or rupture of the uterus, life threatening for child and mother
• Can occur with onset of labor or prior due to ABD trauma
• Severe Abdominal pain and shock

Question 6

Preeclampsia and signs

Answer 6

• Related complications of pregnancy related by hypertension (high blood pressure) and generalized swelling
  It also constricts blood flow to the baby
• Signs and symptoms
  
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
  • Headache, vision changes, ALOC
  • ABD Pain and N/V

Question 7

Eclampsia

Answer 7

a result of preeclampsia and more severe where high blood pressure results in seizures and coma during pregnancy

Question 8

Supine Hypotensive syndrome

Answer 8

• Occurs when uterus compresses inferior vena cava from women laying down and baby pushing on it.
• prevents blood flow to the heart and lowers blood pressure

Question 9

Maternal (Postpartum) Hemorrhage and management

Answer 9

Many mothers bleed in the period immediately following delivery

Fundus rub and peri pad

Question 10

Meconium Staining (Aspiration)
and management

Answer 10

• Fecal material present in amniotic fluid
• Signs of fetal hypoxia
• Fetus passes feces into amniotic fluid

suctioning mouth and noses

Question 11

Prolapsed cord and management

Answer 11

• Umbilical cord precedes the fetal head
• Cord is compressed between fetus and pelvis
• Factors - Prematurity, Multiple Births, premature rupture of the membranes

two finger technique in order to keep pressure off umbilical cord

Question 12

Breech brith

Answer 12

• Buttocks or both feet present first
• Increased potential for cord prolapse, compression, or hypoxic insult for infant

Question 13

Limb Presentation

Answer 13

• Baby is in a transverse position across the uterus, single arm or leg is presenting
• Factors - Preterm birth, multiple gestation

Question 14

Precipitous delivery and causes

Answer 14

Precipitate delivery refers to childbirth after an unusually rapid labor and culminates in the rapid, spontaneous expulsion of the infant
- Deliver occurs in less than 3 hours of labor
- Present usually in grand multipara (G > 7)
- Can Cause
- Fetal trauma
- Tearing of umbilical cord
- Maternal lacerations

Question 15

Shoulder dystocia

Answer 15

• Infant’s shoulders are larger than its head
  
  • Most frequent with diabetic and obese mothers and post term pregnancies
  • Head retracts back into perineum - turtle sign

Question 16

Premature rupture of membranes

Answer 16

water breaks
- amniotic sac ruptures early
- Delivery of fetus is not emergent
- Loss of amniotic fluid exposes fetus to infection
- Mother and doctor may elect for early delivery
- All patients reporting premature rupture of emmbranes should be transported

Question 17

what is the APGAR Scoring

Answer 17

• Do every at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
• 0-1-2 scale
• Appearance
  
  • Blue, pale - pink body, blue extremities - completely pink
• Pulse
  
  • Absent - below 100 - 100 or above
• Grimace
  
  • No response - grimace - cough, sneeze, cry
• Activity
  
  • limp - some flexion of extremities - active motion
• Respiratory effect
  
  • absent - slow and irregular - strong cry

Question 18

Minimum acceptable systolic for child 0-28 DO, 1-12 MO,1-10 YO, 10 YO+

Answer 18

• 0-28 DO (term neonates) - 60mm Hg
• 1-12 MO (infants) - 70 mm Hg
• 1-10 YO - 70 mm Hg + (2xY)
• > 10 YO - 90 mm Hg

Question 19

FBAO meaning

Answer 19

FBAO - foreign body airway obstruction

Question 20

Congenital Heart disease and management

Answer 20

• Abnormal heart valves or chambers
• Abnormal blood vessels

Oxygen, BVM, shock treatment, potential ALS

Question 21

learn pediatric GCS scale

Question 22

Abdominal aortic aneurysm AAA abd signs

Answer 22

a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel that runs from the heart down through the chest and tummy

• Tearing, sharp, or stabbing pain in chest or abdomen radiating to back or neck
• Pulsating abdominal mass
• onset of shock

Question 23

Cerebrovascular disease

Answer 23

a group of conditions that affect blood flow and the blood vessels in the brain examples narrowing (stenosis), clot formation (thrombosis), artery blockage (embolism), or blood vessel rupture (hemorrhage

Question 24

Ventricular Shunts and two types of them

Answer 24

a hollow tube surgically placed in the brain (or occasionally in the spine) to help drain cerebrospinal fluid into the abdomen to be eliminated from the body

Blocked/infected shunt may cause AMS and respiratory arrest

1 Ventricular peritoneum shunt - drains into peritoneum of the abdomen
2 Ventricular atrium shunt - drains into the right atrium of the heart

Question 25

Central Venous Catheter

Answer 25

A device used to draw blood and give treatments, including intravenous fluids, drugs, or blood transfusions. A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a vein, usually below the collarbone.

Question 26

Gastrostomy Tubes and reasons why people have them

Answer 26

- Placed into the stomach for patients who cannot ingest substances through their mouth - May become dislodged, assess for bleeding into the stomach if you cannot eat digest or absorb food due to esophageal cancer oral surgery or stroke major surgery trauma burns or anorexia inflammation

Question 27

Urostomies and waste stomas

Answer 27

Surgical procedure creates an opening between the small or large intestine and the body’s surface

Question 28

Colostomy, Ileostomy, Urostomy

Answer 28

- Colostomy - between large intestine and body - Ileostomy - between small intestine and body - Urostomy - between urinary tract and body

Question 29

Spina Bifida and symptoms

Answer 29

Birth defect caused by incomplete closure of spinal column, leading to exposure - Hydrocephalus (Fluid in the brain) - Partial or full paralysis of lower extremities - Loss of bowel and bladder control - Extreme latex allergy

Question 30

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 30

- Group of disorders characterized by poorly controlled body movement - Cognitive functions may be normal - Observe airway - Underdeveloped limbs are prone to injury - gait may make someone more prone to falls - Do not force extremities

Question 31

EMTALA

Answer 31

Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA) to ensure public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay.

Question 32

Gestation and trimester stages

Answer 32

weeks 1 – 12 is the first trimester. Weeks 13 – 27 is the second trimester. Weeks 28 – 40 is the third trimester

Question 33

PID Pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 33

An infection of the female reproductive organs It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Common symptoms include pelvic pain and fever.