exam 6 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
regulates water volume, ions concentration, excretes metabolism wastes (urea, uric acid, creatine), removes foreign molecules, Gluconeogenesis releases hormones
what is the difference between secretion absorption and filtration?
Secretion/tubular secretion-movement of molecules and ions from capillaries into tubular lumen
Reabsorption/tubular reabsorption -movement of molecules and ions from lumen into capillaries
Filtration/glomerular-filtration of plasma into glomeruler capsule
In what location in the nephron is the highest amount of sodium absorption occurs
67% absorbed at the proximal converted tubule
25% in the loop of henle
8% in distal, converted tubule and collecting duct
are membrane proteins that form water channels, and cell membranes, facilitate selective transport of water molecules across the membrane
(proteins, allow water to move through cells)
Aquaporins
what are the properties of aldosterone
Increase sodium reabsorption
Increase potassium secretion
Increase blood pressure
what are the properties of antidiuretic hormone?
Vasopressin, a peptide hormone produced in hypothalamus released from pituitary gland
to increase water reabsorption and collecting ducts of the kidneys
What are the main organs of the digestive system?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum), anus
what is the function of Amylase
Digest polysaccharide into disaccharide
What type of vesicles package lipids?
Lipoproteins transport lipids(cholesterol, and triglycerides) through blood stream
Golgi apparatus receives lipid from ER then transports, modify in package lipids into vesicles
stored in gallbladder breakdown of large fat droplets into smaller ones
bile
what enzyme activates trypsinogen
enterokinase
which cells release hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells release HCI activating Pepsionogen to Pepsin
What is the purpose of mechanical digestion?
allow digestive enzymes to access more of the food
facilitates the absorption of nutrients, complete food processing
breakdown food into smaller pieces without altering chemical composition, chewing, increases surface area to enhance chemical digestion, and nutrient absorption
which cells release intrinsic factor
parietal cells
what are membrane attack complex proteins (MAC)
embed itself in the microbe membrane forming pores, allows water, and salt into the microbe and eliminate pathogens/bacteria
what are the cells of the immune system?
neutrophils,
monocytes/macrophages
dendritic cells
mast cells
lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
tlymphocytes
natural killer cells (null cells)
The movement of immune cells out of the blood vessel is called
extravasation / diapedesis
Chemical substance attract and repel cells, causing them to migrate toward or away from source of the chemical concentration gradient
chemotaxins
Where are antibodies released from?
recognized by natural killer cells and are subsequently lysed
From plasma cells connected to certain antigens
produced by glands and skin helps lubricate and protect skin and hair, maintain moisture and provide barrier against external element
sebum
excessive sebum leads to oily skin and acne
How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cancer cells?
release perforin and granzymes (lysis), induce apoptosis (FAS),
cytokine release
what are interferons
Protein secreted by leukocytes and virus infected cells to make surrounding cells resistant to viral infection
nucleic acid stimulates whole cell to secrete interferon from A and B to induce Neighbor cells to resist infection
what are the properties of spermatogenesis
Formed basement membrane to lumen, following mitosis, spermatogonia stay to produce more,
(meiosis one-2 secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II - 4 spermatids
differentiation- spermatozoa
where does a follicles start to develop?
Start as primordial follicles, ovum supported by granulosa cells->secrete paracrines that support follicle development
With changes in granulosa cells primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
