Exam 6: Units 10 and 11 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
glucagon is released from
A
pancreatic alpha cells
2
Q
glucoagon is released when
A
glucose levels are low
3
Q
glucagon release promotes this pathway
A
glycogenolysis = production of glucose
4
Q
glucagon promotes the breakdown of
A
proteins and lipids
5
Q
insulin is released from
A
pancreatic beta cells
6
Q
insulin is released when
A
glucose levels are high
7
Q
insulin promotes the formation of
A
glycogen = form of glucose stored in the liver and muscles for later use as energy
8
Q
insulin prevents
A
fat breakdown
9
Q
role of insulin
A
facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells
helps lower blood sugar levels
10
Q
normal blood glucose value for diabetic patients
A
80-130
11
Q
normal blood glucose value for non-diabetic patients
A
60-110
12
Q
T1D is characterized by ____ ____ death
A
beta cell death
13
Q
T1D is also an (type of disease)
A
autoimmune disease
14
Q
T1D is described as
A
beta cell death resulting in pancreatic beta cells not producing enough insulin
15
Q
T1D is mostly (risk factor)
A
genetic
16
Q
In T1D, insulin therapy is required for this long
A
for life
17
Q
Type of DM where insulin receptors malfunction, resulting in insulin resistance
A
T2D
18
Q
The pancreas responds to increased glucose in the bloodstream with T2D by
A
secreting more insulin
19
Q
5 classes of insulin
A
Rapid-acting
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
Ultra long-acting
20
Q
class lispro insulin
A
rapid-acting
21
Q
onset of lispro insulin
“_____ insulin does not LAG”
A
15-30 minutes after administration
22
Q
lispro insulin peaks at
A
30 min - 3 hr
23
Q
lispro insulin can last for
A
3-5 hours
24
Q
class regular insulin
“______ and regular”
A
short-acting
25
onset of regular insulin
30-60 minutes after administration
26
regular insulin peaks at
2-4 hours
27
regular insulin can last for
4-12 hours
28
class NPH insulin
"_______ is Not Particularly Hasty"
intermediate-acting
29
onset of NPH insulin
1-2 hours after administration
30
NPH insulin peaks at
4-12 hours
31
NPH insulin can last for
14-24 hours
32
class glargine insulin
"God Damn 24 hours is a long time"
ultra long-acting
33
onset of glargine
2-4 hours after administration
34
glargine peaks at
NO PEAK FOR LONG-ACTING!
35
glargine insulin can last for
up to 24 hours
36
MOA regular insulin
mimics same action as insulin in the body
increases cellular glucose uptake
stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen
37
regular insulin can be used in
gestational diabetes
38
regular (short-acting) insulin is contraindicated in (x1)
hypoglycemia
39
regular (short-acting) insulin can cause this electrolyte imbalance
hypokalemia
40
regular (short-acting) insulin is the only type that can be given
IV
"Regular goes Right into the veins"
41
regular (short-acting) insulin can be given via these 2 routes
IV and SQ
42
insulin aspart is given through this route
SQ
43
after giving insulin aspart, make sure the patient eats within
15 minutes
44
insulin aspart (rapid-acting) poses the highest risk for
hypoglycemia - most deadly kind of insulin!
45
this kind of insulin provides basal coverage between meals and at night
isophane insulin (NPH, intermediate-acting)
46
isophane insulin (NPH) is
cloudy - draw up last and administer right away
47
never give isophane (NPH) insulin vie this route
never give IV
48
this kind of insulin can never be mixed with other insulins
insulin detimir and insulin glargine
(both long-acting)
(Long-acting is Lonely)
49
class insulin detimir
long-acting
50
insulin glargine has this kind of dosing
once daily at the same time
51
ONLY this kind of insulin can be given IV
regular (short-acting) insulin
52
ONLY these two kinds of insulin can be used in SQ insulin pumps
regular or rapid-acting (aspart)
53
ALWAYS know this at the time of insulin administration
blood glucose
54
monitor for this at insulin peak
hypoglycemia
55
if the patient is experiencing hypoglycemia and can eat, administer this
15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates
(glucose tablets, low fat milk, fruit juice, soda)
56
if the patient is experiencing hypoglycemia and not able to eat, administer this
glucagon IV, SQ, or intranasally
57
class glucagon
pancreatic hormone
58
MOA glucoagon
increase glycogenolysis
= increase glucose production
59
glucagon is contraindicated for a patient who does not have this stored in their liver
contraindicated for patients who do not have GLYCOGEN stored in the liver
60
do not give glucagon to a patient experiencing
hyperglycemia
61
glucagon can cause this electrolyte imbalance
hypokalemia
62
glucagon and insulin medications may interact with this class of medication
beta-blockers
63
patients taking glucagon or an insulin should avoid drinking
alcohol
64
Order of injecting air into vials of regular and NPH insulins
Order of withdrawing from vials of regular and NPH insulins
Inject:
-NPH THEN Regular
Withdraw:
-Regular THEN NPH
"you are Not Retired, you are an RN"
65
insulin is a growth hormone, which may cause
weight gain
66
this kind of insulin is given on a
sliding scale
67
3 common sites for insulin SQ injection
back of arms, abdomen, thighs
68
class metformin
biguanide
69
main MOA of metformin
suppresses hepatic production of glucose (gluconeogenesis)
70
black box warning for metformin
risk of lactic acidosis
"METformin risks METabolic acidosis"
71
metformin should not be given to patients with chronic _____ failure
kidney
72
hold metformin 2 days before/after a CT scan due to the ________ used in the procedure
contrast dye - increases risk of lactic acidosis
73
metformin can be used off-label for
PCOS
74
class glyburide
sulfonylurea
"I'DE take your sulfonylurea"
75
MOA glyburide
increases the release of insulin
76
glyburide should not be given to a patient with this allergy
sulfa allergy
77
glyburide should not be given to a patient with this type of DM
T1D
78
glyburide may risk these kinds of events
hypoglycemic events
79
avoid drinking this while on glyburide
alcohol
80
take glyburide _____ food
WITH food - hold if not eating
81
glyburide is pregnancy safe, but the mother should
d/c 1 month before delivery
82
oral antihyperglycemic medications are usually indicated for
T2D
83
injectable insulins are usually indicated for
T1D
84
class repaglinide
meglitinide
85
MOA repaglinide
increases the release of insulin from beta cells
86
be cautious with repaglinide if the patient is
pregnant or breastfeeding
87
repaglinide is contraindicated in
T1D
88
take repaglinide at this time
just before each meal
89
class rosiglitazone
thiazolidinedione
90
MOA rosiglitazone (x2)
increases insulin sensitivity
decreases glucose synthesis by the liver
91
do not give rosiglitazone to a patient who is
pregnant
92
do not give rosiglitazone to a patient with this kind of organ disease
severe heart or liver disease
93
rosiglitazone is contraindicated in this type of DM
T1D
94
black box warning for rosiglitazone
increased fluid retention can worsen HF and lead to an MI
95
main side effect of rosiglitazone
fluid retention/edema
96
rosiglitazone is not recommended to be given with _____ or _____
insulin or nitrates
97
monitor this while giving a patient rosiglitazone
liver function
98
class semaglutide (Ozempic)
Incretin mimetic
99
MOA semaglutide
mimicks/activates GLP-1 hormone, which:
-increases insulin release when glucose is high
-decreases glucagon release
-slows gastric emptying
100
do not give semaglutide to a patient who is
pregnant or breastfeeding
101
do not give semaglutide to a patient who has a family history of
thyroid cancer
102
semaglutide may risk this during surgery
aspiration, due to the slowed/delayed gastric emptying
103
monitor these two labs when a patient is taking an oral antihyperglycemic medication
LFT and A1C
104
thyroid hormone stimulates
the basal metabolic rate of nearly all tissue
105
slowing of metabolic processes
hypothyroidism
106
mucous-type of edema
myxedema
107
class levothyroxine
synthetic thyroid hormone
108
MOA levothyroxine
acts identical to the endogenous thyroid hormone
"LEVothyroxine LEAVES T3/T4 in the body"
109
black box warning for levothyroxine
not to be used for weight loss
110
levothyroxine is indicated for
hypothyroidism
"levO is for hypO"
111
levythyroxine is contraindicated for
acute MI
112
at high doses of levothyroxine, the patient may feel
(at low doses, pt should feel normal)
anxious
agitated
insomnia
palpitations
113
levothyroxine is safe in
pregnancy
114
take levothyroxine at this time
in the early morning on an empty stomach
115
check for this allergy before giving levothyroxine
aspirin allergy
