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1
Q

Tourism

A

the short term movement of people to places away from normal residence for no more that 1 consecutive year

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2
Q

Hospitality

A

provision of food, beverages and accommodation away from home

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3
Q

Tourism and hospitality interrelation

A

transport, food-services, lodging, recreation etc

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4
Q

Traveller vs tourist

A

travellers aren’t necessarily tourists but tourists ARE travellers

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5
Q

The tourist…

A

travels >80km from home
utilises accommodation
>24hrs <1year

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6
Q

Sumarians/Baylonians input ($)

A

developed trade 4000BC
invented money and the wheel
founders of travel business

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7
Q

Egypt input (attraction)

A

developer of the first tourist attraction GIZA

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8
Q

Roman empire (roads)

A

built roads (150BC)
enables travel
olympic games

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9
Q

Post - roman empire 4th and 5th century (passport)

A

“dark ages”
travel became dangerous
King Richard III = TRAVEL PERMIT

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10
Q

“Grand tour” 17th and 18th century

A

educational became pleasure travel

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11
Q

Industrial revolution (began 1830) (travel)

A

rail, steamships, automobiles, air first paying passengers

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12
Q

% of GDP

A

9%

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13
Q

how many jobs?

A

1/11

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14
Q

percentage of service exports

A

30%

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15
Q

world exports

A

6%

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16
Q

how many people travel internationally

A

1.2 billion

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17
Q

revenue from tourists

A

$36 billion

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18
Q

how many people travel from abroad?

A

7 million

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19
Q

international arrivals expectations

A

will increase by 3%/year and 1.8 billion people will travel by by 2030

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20
Q

Classifications of tourists (4)

A

domestic, international, inbound, outbound

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21
Q

economic importance of tourism

A

largest service-based industry

sector accounts for: 40-50% GDP in developing and 70-80% in developed

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22
Q

how do we measure economic impact?

A

visitor arrivals: volume, origin, purpose

currency exchange info, expenditure

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23
Q

Economic impact

A

not the same a tourist receipts, consider - leakages, direct, indirect and induced effects, displacement and opportunity costs

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24
Q

countries with positive tourist balance sheets

A

USA, italy, france and australia

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25
countries with negative tourist balance sheets
china, japan, canada, germany, UK
26
What do tourist satellite accounts measure?
tourism expenditure GVA and GDP employment, investment and gov consumption
27
positives for tourism
economic, new employment, infrastructure etc
28
negatives for tourism
seasonal employment, pollution, pollution, increased taxes
29
multiplier concept
how far $1 goes in the economy
30
direct effect
pay for hotel
31
indirect effect
hotel pays cleaner
32
induced effect
cleaner pays for cleaning products
33
displacement cost
moving people to create infrastructure associated with tourism
34
opportunity cost
costa rice cutting down on coffee production for tourism
35
what is a visa?
limits duration of stay may be revoked at any time TRANSIT, TOURIST OR BUSINESS
36
What is the customs form?
collecting tariffs and taxes | controlling flow of goods in and out of country
37
what does travel insurance cover?
medical, death, loss of luggage, delay
38
types of tourism
recreational, cultural, nature, pleasure, sports, religious, adventure, medical
39
how visitors perceive
satisfied felt needs bundles of benefits fits with self-image
40
elements of the tourism system (3)
tourist tourism sector destination
41
transit route region
intermediate zone, stopover flights, activity, distinct from actual visit
42
factors contributing to TRR
access, cost, attractions, reliability, comfort
43
the destination mix (5)
attractions, facilities, transport, infrastructure, hospitality resources (intangible)
44
facilities...
support rather than induce tourism, mere presence wont bring tourism
45
what accounts for largest share of visitor spending?
food and beverage
46
hierarchy of markets (life-cycle)
virgin > emergent > defined > mature > dense > saturated
47
Leipers tourist system
enables us to know who to target KNOW PROCESS
48
cohens modes
recreational > diversionary > experiential > experimental > existential
49
psychocentric to allocentric
amusement > change > interest > rapture > dedication
50
Doxeys irridex (reactions)
euphoria, apathy, annoyance, antagonism
51
Triple bottom line
economic, social and environmental
52
positive social impact from tourism
local pride, education, awareness, shared infrastructure
53
negative social impacts from tourism
crime, staged authenticity, commodification, economic imbalance
54
sustainability
meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future destinations to meet own needs
55
positive environmental impacts
preservation, maintenance
56
negative environmental impacts
hunting, destroyed vegatation
57
moments of truth
all encounters between people, products and the system
58
intangibility
the products cannot be touched - insurance
59
tangibility
product can be touched - meal
60
heterogeneity
service quality depends on who provides the service
61
perishability
the service cannot be stored - e.g. plane tickets cannot be reused
62
Disneys SERVICE acronym
smile, eye contact, respect, value, initiate contact, creative solutions, end with a "thank you"
63
customer, company, service provided triangle
company vs customers - external marketing company vs provider - internal marketing provider vs customers - interactive marketing
64
why should we care what customers think?
feedback, loyalty, turnover, recruiting/keeping customers
65
2 types of customers
external - guests | internal - service providers
66
service recovery
think - pair - share
67
7 sins of service ABCCRRR
apath, brush off, coldness, condescension, robotics, run-around, rules ABCCRRR
68
the hospitality continuum
unconditional (need to provide) > negotiated (secondary need) > commodified (focus)
69
mergers and acquisitions
either buying into another company through shares or joining Steve Wynn - mirage and bellagio
70
ownership (5)
SME (small, medium enterprises) local, regional, multinational, private
71
management (3)
owner operated - fam business management contracts - marriott franchise - mcdonalds
72
FIT
free independent traveller
73
VFR
visiting friends and relatives
74
segmentation groups
geographical, demographical , psychographic, behavioural
75
ADR
average daily rate | total room rev/total rooms sold
76
RevPAR
revenue/total available rooms OR ADR x occupancy %
77
Occupancy %
total rooms sold/total rooms available
78
managing occupancy
CTA (close to arrival) overbooking (schoolies) walking (alternatives)
79
MICE
meetings, incentive travel, conventions, exhibitions/events
80
key stakeholders in MICE
CVBs - convention and visitors bureaus DMOs - destination marketing organisations associations venues
81
MICE sponsors (organisers)
associations corporations government SMERFS
82
SMERFS
social, military, educational, religious, fraternal
83
types of events (4)
leisure, personal, cultural, organisational
84
host motivation for tourism
boosts economic activity increased tourism destination marketing

Tourism (1 decks)

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