Exam Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Name the megatrends
A
Urbanisation, Sustainability in action everywhere, Mobility revolution, Digitalization&connectivity, Transformation of value chains, and Beyond demographics
2
Q
Describe challenges with Urbanisation?
A
Consume a lot-doesn’t produce
Supply of food/beverage packaging crucial
Developing packaging solutions for tough climate SCs
Recycling systems within cities
3
Q
Describe challenges with Sustainability in action everywhere?
A
Willingsness to pay more for sustainable brands
4
Q
Describe challenges with Mobility revolution?
A
Increasing mobility of goods and people with less footprint and traffic jams
Automation target from manufacturing to distribution
People expects delivery anywhere&anytime
Ecommerce
5
Q
Describe Digitalization&connectivity?
A
Everyone and everything connected
Opportunities for generation of data –> creates value
AI computers, big data
6
Q
Describe Transformation of value chains?
A
Cut out middle hand –> directly to consumer
Value chain will disappear
7
Q
Describe Beyond demographics?
A
Age, gender and origin are no longer key to defining consumers
People expect full customization
8
Q
Who’s including in “user oriented innovation”?
A
Both consumers and end users
9
Q
Define “Market segment”
A
A group of consumers with similar needs and behaviours
10
Q
What is a consumers satisfaction determined by regarding perceived quality?
A
the difference between when they purchase it and when they use it
11
Q
What’s the 1st and 2nd moments of truth?
A
perception of quality is created both when bought and during usage
12
Q
Reliability in different consumer insight methods ranked best to worst?
A
Y: Reliablility
X: Distance from object/occasion
Own use Experiments/tests Simulations Observations Dialogues Structured interviews Focus groups Questionnaires
13
Q
Describe the KANO model
A
Y: Customer satisfaction
X: Degree of achievement
14
Q
Attributes regarding quality can be divided into what categories?
A
Ergonomic
Technical
Communicative
15
Q
What are the qualities described in the KANO model?
A
Attractive One-dimensional Must-be Indifferent Reverse
16
Q
Describe Attractive Quality
A
Provides satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Not expected.
17
Q
Describe One-dimensional Quality
A
Satisfaction when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. “Get 10% extra”
only gets 6% extra…
18
Q
Describe Must-be Quality
A
Taken for granted when fulfilled. Dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Basic attributes like milk package not leaking
19
Q
Describe Indifferent Quality
A
Neither good or bad. Like skånemejeriers 101001010 different yoghurt packaging flavourdependent colours
20
Q
Describe Reverse Quality
A
Making it worse (at least for some consumers).
consumers perfer different things
21
Q
Describe Perceived Quality
A
what a potential buyer expects to get out of a new product
22
Q
Describe Quality expectation
A
will this be purchased once?
23
Q
Describe Fulfilment of expectations
A
will this be purchased again?
24
Q
What are the innovation ways of working?
A
Exploiting -plan ahead (chess)
Exploatory -gamble (poker)
25
Describe the Empathy map
```
What does he/she...
..think/feel
..hear
..see
..say/do
```
Pain points
Gain points
So what...The insight
26
Describe the innovation reactor principle
Input --> Insighting --> Ideation --> Implementation
27
Describe the insighting phase of the innovation reactor?
```
Convergent
Observation/interviews
Early adapters/target groups
Identify similar technologies used in other industries
Maps over- and underserved areas
```
28
Describe the Ideation phase of the innovation reactor?
Diverging
| No real failures, only learning
29
Describe the Implementation phase of the innovation reactor?
Don't evaluate on your own (biased and emotionally involved)
| Converging
30
Why does gas move in and out of the package?
Differences in partial pressure ( ΔP)
31
What can degrade food?
Temperature
Light
Oxygen
Micro-organisms
32
What protects food?
Nitrogen
| Carbon dioxide
33
What is MAP?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
34
How does MAP work?
Evacuation of air
Gas flushing
Sealing
35
Why do we use MAP?
longer shelf life
36
How much of the produced food is food waste?
40%!!!!!!!!
37
List the most commonly used packaging polymers
PE polyethylene
PP polypropylene
PET polyester
Poly(EVOH) ethylene vinyl alchohol
Nylon polyamide
PVC poly vinyl chloride
PS polystyrene
38
Describe PE
softest, sealing, water barrier
39
Describe PP
soft, sealing, water barrier, heat resistance, trays for microwaveable foods, bottles for ketchup
40
Describe PET
stiff, amorphous, sealing, gas barrier, bottles, jars, boil/microwaveable bags
41
Describe Poly(EVOH)
extremely good gas and aroma barrier, hydrophilic (sensitive to moisture), often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP
42
Describe Nylon (PA)
strength, toughness, gas barrier, heat resistance, often sandwiched between moisture layers like PP
43
Describe PVC
fairly stiff, thermo forming, gas barrier
44
Describe PS
stiff, thermo forming, trays for meat, egg cartons
45
Big bulky atoms/groups lead to..
..stiff plastics
46
What polymer can be recycled to be a new food package?
PET
47
How can one improve the properties of recycled PET?
Cover it with virgin PET on both sides.
48
Why is PET suitable for recycling into new packaging?
Excellent taste and odour barrier
Medium high oxygen barrier
Melt flow properties
(works in injection moulding, film blowing, extrusion)
Broken chains can be mended back to long chains by drying and heating
49
Name hazardous substances in plastic
```
Phtalates
Bisphenol A (BPA)
```
50
What plastic often includes Phtalates and where/how is it used?
PVC
- not used in packaging in Nordic countries since >30 years
- common in medical packaging
51
What plastic often includes BPA (Bisphenol A) and where/how is it used?
PC -poly carbonate
BPA is the monomer for PC
PC not common packaging polymer
Epoxy contains BPA --> coatings inside food/beverage cans
52
What type of plastic is often used when making package closures?
Thermosets
53
Pros of plastics?
Inexpensive
Flexible
Moldable
Shock-resistance
Recyclable
54
Cons of plastics?
Permeability to gas/vapour/aroma
Food components can sorb into plastic
Low compressive strength
55
What is HDPE used for?
bottles for milk, water, juice
56
What is LDPE used for?
bags
57
What are the different raw materials for paper production?
Soft wood
Hard wood
Recycled
58
Describe Soft wood
Pine and spruce
long, tough, strong
59
Describe hard wood
Birch
short, dense, stiff
60
What is recycled raw materials for paper production made of?
recycled fibers
61
What types of fibres are there?
Virgin fibres
Recycled fibres
62
Describe Virgin fibres
Long, strong
Well known origin and board properties
Lighter paper for same performance
Pure, food proof, odour neutral
63
Describe Recycled fibres
Short, weak, dusty
Remains of ink, glue, plastic
-difficult to control
No odour safety
64
How many times can fibres be recycled?
Up to 7 times
65
What kinds of paper board are there?
Corrugated and Carton
66
Describe Corrugated board
Built up by atleast 3 papers, individually produced
Endless combining possibilities of these papers inside the board
Used as primary, secondary and tertiary
67
Describe Carton board
Sevreal layers with different properties
Pre-determined strength level
Can be cut, folded, formed etc.
Mainly primary packaging
Above 200g/m^2
68
What are corrugated board constructed of?
Fluting and Liner
69
What types of fluting are there?
Semi Chemical Fluting
Recycled Fluting
70
What types of Liner are there?
Kraft Liner
Testliner 1, 2, 3, and 4
71
Describe Semi Chemical Fluting
Stiffer
Short fibre
Mostly made from Semi Chemical primary fibre pulp
72
Describe Recycled Fluting
Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper
73
Describe Kraft Liner
Long + Short fibres
Mostly made from primary kraft pulp
74
Describe Testliner 1,2,3 and 4
Mostly made from recycled fibre based paper
75
What's an important parameter for paper boxes?
Stacking strength
76
What is BCT?
Box Compression Test
77
What does BCT depend on?
Board properties :
| BCT= f( ECT, Bending stiffness)
78
What is ECT?
Edge Crush Test
79
Where is >70% of box compression strength placed?
In the corners
80
What's the correlation between panel hight and strength of the box?
A high panel --> weaker box
81
What tests are performed on paper boxes regarding transport?
Climate
Drop
Compression
Vibration
82
What types of water resistant barriers are used for paper boxes
Waxing
Plastic film
Aluminum film
Coating
Fibre based barriers
83
What is Off Flavour?
Components from e.g. PE and paper board can migrate into the food product.
In sensitive products like water, those components can introduce a recognisable Off Flavour
84
What is ESC?
Environmental Stress Cracking
85
What can induce ESC in some plastic materials?
Food components, such as fat, edible oil, formulated tomato products.
86
What is Retention ("Scalping") ?
Aroma components from food can migrate into the inside coatings
Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components
87
Why are thinner inside coatings often better for food products?
Thinner inside coatings absorb LESS aroma components
88
What problems exists regarding food spoilage?
Product adhering to package surface
Loss of desirable properties (colour, smell, taste, texture)
Loss of nutritional properties (vitamins)
Development of undesirable properties (toxins, pathogenic micro-organisms)
89
Name pros with Alu Foil
+ Impermeable to gas (oxygen penetrates through cracks though)
+High tensile stiffness
+Light barrier
+Moisture barrier
+Flavour barrier
+Induction sealing
90
Name cons with Alu Foil
- Contributes to carbon footprint.
91
How can one lower carbon footprint in "layer -packaging"
Less layers
Replace Alu Foil with EVOH
92
Material structute of a commonly used tetra pak box. List layers from outside to inside
1. LDPE
- moisture protection
2. Paper board
- to print and stiffness
3. LDPE
- adhesive between alu foil and paper board
4. Alu Foil
- stiffness, barrier for oxygen, light, aroma, moisture..., induction sealing
5. Adhesive
- provide adhesion between alu foil and PE
6. PE
- product protection
93
Define Shelf Life
Time that a product can be stored without becoing unfit for use, consumption or sale
94
What can affect the shelf life?
colour, consistency, nutritional value, health safety, taste, odour
95
What is Detoriation?
Quality related changes
96
Examples of detoration?
Chemical reactions -oxidation
Microbal reactions -microorganisms
Biochemical reactions -enzymatic reactions
Physical reactions -texture
97
What is superhydrophobic coatings?
nanoscopic surface layer that repels water
98
What types of detorative reactions are there?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
99
Examples of Intrinsic reactions
water activity
pH
O2 content
100
Examples of Extrinsic reactions
temperature
light
gas atmosphere
101
What is IoFs?
Indices of Failure
102
Does the dimensions of a package with a given weight of food have a large influence on shelf life?
yes
103
Why does minimizing surface area of the packaging improve shelf life?
Minimize the quantity of moisyure/O2 that will permeate through
104
Assuming same volume, list the shapes with smallest surface area to biggest surface area.
```
sphere
cylinder
cube
tetrahedron
rectangular
```
105
Why does extremely thin packages require better barrier properties?
Big surface area:volume ratio
106
Why does smaller packages have shorter shelf life compared to big ones?
Due to greater surface area per unit volume
107
When do you chose alu or plastic closures?
good for critical sealing requirements (carbonation)
soft drinks where reopening is common
suitable for high internal pressures
108
When do you chose bark cork closures?
no pressure
for drinks like wine
problems: cork dust, leakage
109
What is subtractive manufacturing?
"carve it out"
generate 3D-model --> CNC program --> machine away unwanted material
110
What is additive manufacturing?
generate 3D-model --> software slices it into think slices --> machine builds it layer by layer
111
To get good quality it is in additive manufacturing important to...
..have as thin "slices" as possible
112
Will 3D printing kill traditional manufacturing?
NO, it's a complementary technology
113
For what medical applications can 3D-printing be used?
dental crowns&bridges, dental aligners, hearing aids
114
What (usually) takes the longest time in the 3D-printing process?
Post-processing:
| removing support material, heat treating, coating, colouring..
115
List the 3 principles for sustainability
1. "consuming the earth"
2. "substances produced by society"
3. degradation by physical means (deforestation, over fishing etc..)
116
What 3 areas can Green Packaging Approaches be divided into?
1. Product waste related &Household related
2. Logistics related
3. Packaging material related
117
What's the difference between developed and developing countries when it comes to food waste in the SCs?
developed: high food losses at the end phases
developing: hgh food losses in the beginning
118
How much of the food waste in Swedish households are related to packaging?
ca 20-25%
119
Improvements that's product waste related:
Innovative portion/ready to serve package
Development regarding resealing/reclosing
Information to increase awareness of correct food storage
120
Improvements that's household related:
Avoid shopping by car
Support energy- and water-saving behaviour
Packages that help with correct product dosage
121
Improvements that's logistics related:
Maximize fill rate
Minimize cooling needs
Optimize unitilization
122
EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive: Reduce the environmental impact of packaging by....
...reducing packaging at source
...maximizing the recovery of used packaging
...eliminating harmful materials
123
Improvements that's material related:
Optimize material usage
Optimal packaging
Eliminating hazardous substances
Responsible sourcing of packaging materials
Develop packaging for efficient reuse, recycling or recovery
124
How can you Optimize material usage?
Avoid double packaging if it doesn't fill any important function
125
How can you make sure of Optimal packaging?
Overpack> Underpack
126
How can you Eliminate hazardous substances?
Identify and avoid hazardous substances (BPA, phtalates, heavy metals) over the life cycle
127
How can you make sure of Responsible sourcing of packaging materials?
FSC
how/where are raw materials extracted
128
How can you prevent littering?
Minimize the number of seperate components (straws, spoons...)
Provide information to encourage responsible disposal
Consider what recycling bins are available in public
129
How is Bio-PE created?
Glucose --->(fermentation)
Ethanol ---> (dehydration)
Ethylene -->(polymerization)
Polyethylene
130
Define Bioplastic
A plastic that is made from biological/renewable resources OR degrades by the action of micro-organisms/biological activity or both
131
Define Biobased plastic
A plastic that is obtained totally or partially from biological resources
(monomers derived from biological resources)
132
Define Degradeble plastic
A plastic which undergoes major structural changes under prescribed environmental conditions
133
Define Biodegradeble plastic
A plastic which degrades by the action of microorganisms or undergoes lowering of its molecular weight by biological activity
134
Define Compostable plastic
A plastic that undergoes biodegration in composting environment to yield carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate equivalent to standard compostable materials and leaves no toxic materials
135
Define Biocomposite
A composite that consists of either filler or polymer matrix derived from biological resources
136
Define Nanocomposite
Polymer composite that has fillers with at least one dimension in nano meters
137
Define Biobased nanocomposite
Nanocomposite in which EITHER fillers or polymer matrix has been obtained from biological resources
138
Define Bionanocomposite
Nanocomposite in which BOTH fillers and polymer matrix have been obtained from biological resources
139
Define Biodegradeble nanocomposite
Nanocomposites that degrades by the action of microorganisms
140
Define Biocompatible
the ability of a material to carry out its intended function without any adverse reactions or unintended responses
141
Describe Conventional polymers
Fossil dependent
Non renewable
Plastic pollution
GHG emissions
142
Describe Biopolymers
Carbon neutral
Low environmental impacts
Renewable and sustainable
143
Describe Linear economy
Material flow straight for the dump
144
What steps are included in the process of making bio-based building blocks?
Biomass sources--->
Biomass feedstock --->
Bio-based blocks
145
Examples of Biomass sources:
Trees
Crops
Waste
Algae
146
Examples of Biomass feedstock
Cellulose
Starch
Sucrose
Vegetable oil
147
Examples of Bio-based building blocks:
Ethanol
Glycerol
148
What is PET made of? And what differs from Bio-PET?
PET ~= 0.7*PTA +0.3*MEG
BIO-PET uses Bio-MEG
PTA Purified Terephtalic Acid
MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol
149
What biopolysters are similar to PET?
PTT
PEF
PBAT
150
Properties of PTT:
good strength, stiff
151
Properties of PEF:
100% biobased alternative to PET
better barrier properties
Beverage bottles
152
Properties of PBAT
biodegradeble
flexible
alternative of PE
compostable bags
153
Describe the Waste Hierarchy top to bottom
1. Mimimisation
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
4. Energy recovery
5. Final disposal
154
What's included in producers responsability?
Provide collection systems for packaging
Ensure packaging materials are recycled
Report results to swedish environmental protection agency
Consult with municipalities
Achieve the national materials recycling targets
Minimize the need for packaging
155
How many times can steel and aluminum be recycled?
Forever.
156
What reduces the recyclability in steel and metal materials
Alloys
| -use as few alloys as possibe
157
What can harm the recyclability of the prime plastic?
additional materia and multi layer solutions
158
What are the best plastics to use with regards to sorting, treatment and buyers?
LDPE, PP, HDPE
| limited market of PET buyers
159
Which plastic is used in a too small amount to be worth going through treatment?
PS
160
Why shouldn't you use ink when producing a plastic package?
It contaminates the cleaning water
161
List the LEAST recycled packaging materials to the MOST recycled ones
1. plastic
2. metal
3. paper
4. glass
5. paper/print
162
When in the process should you use LCA?
As early as possible
- identify priorities and goals
- benchmark current products
163
For what kind of sustainable development should LCA be used with regards to time?
short, medium and long term opportunities
164
What production have the highest global warming impact per kg?
Aluminium
165
Explain "Closed loop recycling"
Recycling =impacts of reprocessing -impact of virgin material avoided - impacts of waste treatment avoided
Net benefit if >0
166
Explain "Open loop recycling"
Waste product recycled --> used in a different product system
ex. recycled PET --> clothing
167
What is RPC?
Reusable Plastic Containers
168
What is DRC?
Display Ready Corrugated Containers
169
Which are the phases of LCA?
1. Goal&scope
2. Inventory&Analysis
3. Impact assessment
4. Interpretation
170
Describe the phase Goal&scope of LCA
# define goal
define system boundaries
define data requirements
171
Describe the phase Inventory&Analysis of LCA
Life cycle map
Collect data
Calculate and evaluate data
172
Describe the phase Impact assessment of LCA
Impact categories
Assign inventory to categories
Perform impact assessment
173
Describe the phase Interpretation of LCA
Identify issues
Draw conclusions and recommendations
174
List categories of Impact assessment
Ecosystem impacts (air emissions:ozone deplation)
Human health impacts (human toxicity)
Resources (land/water use, biodiversity)
175
What limitations are there of LCA?
Data&assumptions affect the result
Lack of consistency in assumptions (comperative studies)
Difficult to interpret the results
"Snap shot" of a certain point in time
176
List the 7 funcions of pakaging
1. Containment
2. Protection
3. Apportionment
4. Unitilization
5. Convenience
6. Information
7. Communication
177
Shortly describe Containment
needs to be package (like rice)
178
Shortly describe Protection
protect from chemical, biological and physical sources
179
Shortly describe Apportionment
Desired amount/portions
180
Shortly describe Unitilization
Shipping containers etc
181
Shortly describe Convenience
easy to use: consume anytime/any place, easy to open, carry and empty, easy to dispose
182
Shortly describe Communication
"the silent salesman"
183
Which are the Packaging legislation and regulations?
Administrative needs
Requirements to protect the public
Protection of packaging design
Environmental protection
184
Describe Administrative needs
Regulations for food packaging, medical packaging and dangerous substances
185
Describe Requirements to protect the public
Child-resistant packaging, consumer information must not mislead, weight/measurements
186
Describe Protection of packaging design
cpoyright, IP, trademark, patent...
187
Describe Environmental protection
waste directives, producer responsibility
188
Packages placed on the market must meet the requirements:
Limit weight and volume (still uphold required safety, hygiene etc)
Reduce content of hazardous substances and materials
Design reusable/recovering packaging
189
Describe Consumer packaging
The package that the consumer usually takes home
190
Describe Sales packaging
The unit for sale
191
Describe Group packaging
Packaging that is created to facilitate protection, display, handling, and/or transportation of a number of primary packages
192
Describe Retail packaging
Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the design to fit in Retail
193
Describe Display packaging
Same as group packaging but with an emphasis on the Display features
194
Describe Transport/Industrial/Bulk packaging
Packaging that facilitates handling, transport, storage of a number of primary packages in order to provide efficient production and distribution and prevent damage during transportation
195
Describe Used packaging
Packaging/ Packaging material remaining after the removal of the product it contained
196
List packaging design challenges
Taking a holostic approach
Integrating form and function
Making trade-offs
Sharing risk and gains
197
Why is Postponement strategy favoured?
Modular products customized for local markets
Products that gain weight, volume or value from packaging
Unpredictable demand
A lot of variation for a single formulation
situations where economies of scale can be found in packaging and logistics
198
What are the concepts of Design Thinking
1. Desirability of the use
2. The products' technical feasibility
3. The economic, social and environmental viability
199
Examples of Ideation
```
Brainstorming
Personas
Simulate the voive of the consumer
Empathy maps
Prototyping
```
200
Examples of Evaluation methods
KANO
Scorecards
LCA
201
What is the idea of KANO?
Understand how users perceive quality attributes
202
Pros and cons with Wood
+ High impact strength / high strength to weight ratio
+ Withstands pressure
+ Great surface dimensional stability
+ Does not corrode
+ Renewable resource
- Not suitable for high speed manufacturing
- Expensive per item
- Not waterproof
203
Pros and cons with Metal
+ Best barrier properties after glass
+ Can be microwaved when coated
+Tensile strength
+Can be reused as container
- Limits reusability
- Can affect taste of foods/beverages
204
Pros and cons with Glass
```
+ Barrier against water, vapor & aroma
+ Long shelf life of contained products
+ Rigid
- Fragile
- Heavy
```
205
Pros and cons with Paper
```
+easily printed
+makes aseptic packaging possible
+microwaveable
+easily shaped
-few barrier properties
```
206
What are the 3 pillars of sustainable development?
People -social responsibility (CSR)
Planet -environmental conservation
Profit -economic profitability
