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1
Q

2 ways to describe any element of the world

A
  1. Location information

2. Attribute information

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2
Q

5 answers GIS can give

A
  • Location
  • Condition
  • Trends
  • Patterns
  • Modelling
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3
Q

A computer-based technology designed to capture geographic data and to process these data to produce information and graphical outputs

A

Geographic Information System

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4
Q

GIS borrows from these 3 software technology

A
  • Relational database
  • CAD graphics
  • Statistical analysis
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5
Q

2 functions of GIS

A
  1. Data management
  2. Spatial analysis
    a. Overlay analysis
    b. Proximity analysis
    c. Data output
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6
Q

3 benefits of GIS

A
  • Better data management
  • Flexible map-making
  • Increased efficiency
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7
Q

3 pitfalls of GIS

A
  • No long-term planning
  • Lack of user training
  • Funding
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8
Q

1963

A

Roger Tomlinson developed the Canada GIS and introduces the term GIS

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9
Q

1964

A
  • The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis was established under Howard Fisher
  • Symap (the first raster GIS) was created
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10
Q

1967

A

Dual Independent Map Encoding - Geographic Database Files (DIME-GDF) (a database for the census)

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11
Q

1969

A
  • Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and Intergraph Corp. were formed
  • Ian McHarg’s “Design with Nature” (first book to describe modern GIS analysis)
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12
Q

1972

A

Landsat 1, originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) was launched

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13
Q

1981

A

ArcInfo was launched (first major commercial GIS software system)

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14
Q

1985

A

Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes operational

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15
Q

1986

A
  • MapInfo Corp was formed

- “Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment” by P. A. Burrough was published

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16
Q

1987

A

The International Journal of Geographic Information Science (first technical journal on GIS) was published

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17
Q

1988

A

GEO world was published

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18
Q

1994

A

EO 12906 led to the creation of the US National Spatial Infrastructure (NSDI) and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

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19
Q

1996

A

Internet-based GIS products were introduced

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20
Q

1999

A

World GIS day was celebrated

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21
Q

2000

A

GIS industry passed the USD 7M mark and had more than 1M core users and 5M casual users

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22
Q

5 components of GIS

A
  1. Hardware
  2. Software
  3. People
  4. Organization/Methods
  5. Data
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23
Q

A powerful mapping system that runs on desktop computers

A

ArcGIS

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24
Q

3 common applications on ArcGIS

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. ArcMap
  2. ArcCatalog - database
  3. ArcToolbox - geographic processing functions
25
3 ArcGIS products
1. ArcView 2. ArcEditor 3. ArcInfo
26
5 map elements
1. Title 2. Map body 3. Legend 4. Scale bar 5. North arrow
27
2 fundamental ways of geographic representation
1. Discrete objects - objects with well-defined boundaries | 2. Continuous fields - finite number of variables
28
2 methods of representing geographic data in digital computers
1. Raster - arrays of cells | 2. Vector - points, polylines, polygons
29
3 map projection types
1. Mercator (cylindrical) 2. Perspective conic (conical) 3. Ortographic (planar)
30
2 coordinate systems
1. Spherical/geographic coordinate system - latitude and longitude; measurement in degrees, minutes, and seconds or decimal degrees 2. Cartesian coordinate system - x and y coordinate values; Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is commonly used in the Philippines
31
2 spheroids used in the Philippines
- Clarke 1866 spheroid | - World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84)
32
A point of reference used to measure locations on the surface of the earth
Datum
33
Adjustment of Luzon 1911 datum
Philippine Reference System 1992
34
Method of assigning locations on the Earth’s surface into a raster image (to become intelligent)
Georeferencing or geolocating or geocoding
35
6 georeferencing lines
Line 1 - for x-axis, bottom righthand corner minus upper lefthand corner, divided by image width Line 2 - compression from sides Line 3 - compression from top to bottom Line 4 - for y-axis, bottom righthand corner minus upper lefthand corner, divided by image width Line 5 - x-value at top left corner Line 6 - y-value at top left corner
36
A reduced and simplified model of reality containing geographical information
Maps
37
Includes all aspects of the cultural and physical environments
Milieu
38
3 basic map contents
1. Primary content 2. Secondary - includes topo base, boundaries, grid and graticule 3. Supportive/marginal
39
3 kinds of scale
- Numerical - Graphical - Verbal
40
3 types of maps
1. General - physical and cultural features 2. Thematic 3. Analytical - overlay analysis
41
4 kinds of thematic maps
1. Choropleth - evenly distributed phenomena (population density maps) 2. Proportional/graduated symbols 3. Isarithmic - smooth continuous phenomena (contour maps) 4. Dot (John Snow’s cholera map)
42
A set of constructs for describing and representing selected aspects of the real world in a computer
Data model
43
7 geographic data models used in GIS
1. Computer-aided design 2. Graphical 3. Image 4. Raster 5. Vector 6. Network - flow of goods and services 7. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) - represents a surface as contiguous non-overlapping triangular elements (Delaunay triangulation)
44
4 levels of data model abstraction
1. Reality 2. Conceptual model - obejcts relevant to a particular problem domain 3. Logical model - implementation-oriented representation (diagrams and lists) 4. Physical model - portrays actual implementation (files or databases)
45
The process of converting both paper and digital geographic data to GIS format; bottleneck of GIS operations
Data input
46
5 steps of data collection workflow
- Planning - Preparation - Digitizing/transfer - Editing - Evaluation
47
2 classifications of geographic data for data collection purposes
1. Primary data capture - Raster: photogrammetry (aerial photos) and remote sensing (satellites) - Vector: ground surveying (total station) and global positioning system 2. Secondary data capture - Raster: scanners - Vector: manual digitizing and heads-up digitizing
48
Formula for digitizing accuracy
1mm x map scale
49
If GPS is for US, _____ is for Russia and _____ is for Europe
GLONASS, GNSS
50
3 kinds of errors in data input
1. Entity errors - dangling node, missing labels, sliver polygons 2. Attribute errors - missing attributes 3. Other problems - edge matching
51
A sampled array of elevation (z) at regularly spaced intervals in the x and y directions
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
52
3 DEM data sources
1. GTOPO30 - 1 km resolution 2. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) - 90 m resolution 3. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiomete (ASTER) - 30 m resolution
53
The crux of GIS, the means of adding value to geographic data and turning data into useful information
Spatial analysis
54
5 types of spatial analysis
1. Queries - most basic 2. Measurements 3. Transformations - edge matching, clipping, proximity analysis, overlay analysis 4. Descriptive summaries - measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode 5. Optimization - location-allocation problems, and routing problems
55
Point that minimizes the sum of squared distances
Centroid
56
Point that minimizes total straight-line distance
Minimum Aggregate Travel (MAT)
57
4 classifications of planning tasks
1. Urban management 2. Site selection 3. Impact assessment 4. Strategic planning
58
Data used in the Philippines
- Luzon 1911 datum (Marinduque) | - World Geodetic System 84 (earth-centered datum)

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