exam Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 main models of health
A
mind-body relationship
biomedical model
biopsychosocial model
2
Q
describe the logic model of change (behaviour interventions)
A
method of behavioural change - belief - determinant - sub- behaviour - behaviour
3
Q
what is a health behaviour
A
any activity undertaken by a person believing themselves to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage
behaviour performed by an individual, regardless of their perceived health status, with the purpose of protecting, promoting or maintaining his/ her health”
4
Q
positive psychology - what is involved in relationships
A
enjoyable/ supportive interactions with others
5
Q
according to elaboration likelihood model why do people change their beliefs and behaviour
A
motivated to receive argument
can centrally process argument
6
Q
what 2 qualities must behaviour change methods have
A
specificity
replicability
7
Q
patient adherence predictor - adherence information
A
what to do and when - written/ refer back
side effects & drug interactions - prepare
heuristics and implicit theories regarding medications
8
Q
HAPA - what 3 factors influence intention in the motivational stage
A
self efficacy
outcome expectations
risk awareness
9
Q
what is ‘psychosocial wellbeing ‘ as a category of social representations of health
A
mental state, harmony, pride, enjoying others
10
Q
what is contained in the behaviour change methods paper kok et al 2015
A
methods linked to theory and determinants
paramaters for effectiveness
taxonomy for designing interventions at individual and environmental level
11
Q
how does stress effect meals
A
less main meals, veg consumption
higher fat/ sugar intake
12
Q
what are the 2 phases in the HAPA model
A
motivational (pre- intention) - individual decide whether or not to carry out behaviour
action (post - intention) - individuals make plans to initiate and maintain the behaviour
13
Q
what is the 16th century belief of disease
A
the body is composed of cells and organs which can malfunction or die
germ theory - micro-organisms cause disease
14
Q
what are the principles of the broaden and build theory of positive emotions
A
resillience - cope with stressor increased creativity increased motivation & energy success better physical health - self care, positive relationships
15
Q
who believes in ‘physical fitness and vitality ‘ as a category of social representations of health
A
younger males
16
Q
what is the difference between clinical psychology , psychiatry, behavioural medicine and health psychology
A
PSYCHOLOGY clinical psychology - focus on patients with MH problems MENTAL DISORDERS biomedical approach to MH - medication MEDICINE behavioural medicine - integrates behavioural, psychological, biomedical knowledge and focuses on treatment and rehab PHYSICAL DISORDERS health psychology PSYCHOLOGY
17
Q
behaviour method - what is method
A
general process for influencing changes in determinants of behaviour and environmental conditions
18
Q
what is the recommendation for exercise
A
30 mins of moderate exercise 5 days a week and 60 minutes every day for kids
19
Q
which aspect of the immune system does acute stress activate
A
innate (unspecific) immunity by trafficking immune cells to site of challenge
20
Q
list some characteristics of a stressor
A
intensity frequency (per day/ hour) duration proximity (distance) cognitive appraisal - importance to perceiver, positivity, controllability, predictability
21
Q
physical benefits of exercise - what is increased with exercise
A
functioning, QoL, strength, coordination and balance and reduced fatigue
22
Q
what are the 3 stages of stress
A
input - stimulus (stressor)
processing - appraisal/ perception
output - response - emotional, physiological, behavioural
23
Q
what are the 3 types of response to stress
A
emotional, physiological, behavioural
24
Q
behaviour method - conditions for effectiveness
A
know what you’re targeting
select an appropriate method
provide adequate application of method
25
basic behaviour change methods - what is motivational interviewing
providing a collaborative, goal orientated style of communication with particular attention to the language of change - designed to strengthen personal motivation for and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the persons's own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion
26
what are the psychological mechanisms - micro of social relationships, health and wellbeing
```
social support
social influence
social engagement
person- person contact
access to resources and material goods
```
27
what are the stages in reasoned decision making
```
past behaviour
beliefs and evaluations
attitude
behavioural intention
behaviour
```
28
what is 'behaviour ' as a category of social representations of health
look after yourself, exercise, nutrition
29
what are the stages in habitual behaviour
past behaviour
behaviour
(autonomic cue response link)
little cognitive effort
30
what are some behavioural responses to stress
coping efforts - seeking help, solving problems, lashing out at others, blaming self
31
what are the BMI classes
```
<20 - underweight
20- 24.9 - normal
25 - 29.9 - overweight
30 - 39.9 - clinically obese
40 - severely obese
```
32
basic behaviour change methods - what is nudging
simple changes in the presentation of choice alternatives that make the desired choice easy, automatic or default
33
what are subjective norm beliefs
perceived behaviour of person
| perceived approval of a person
34
what is psychosocial stress
the environment that arise wen person-environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy - real or not- between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological, psychological or social systems
35
positive psychology - what is involved in engagement / flow
consciously involved in activities
36
build positive relationships - how can you be known rather than validated
intimate - tell everything
open up
express yourself
37
basic behaviour change methods - what is tailoring
matching the intervention or components to previously measured characteristics of the participant
38
what is the centre of social cognitive theory of behaviour
self efficacy
39
list methods to increase knowledge
```
chunking- stimulus patterns of parts
advance organisers- overview of material
using imagery - similar appearance
discussion - informal debate
elaboration - add meaning to information
providing cues
```
40
basic behaviour change methods - what is participation
assuring high levels of engagement of the participants group in problem solving, decision making and change activities
41
list examples of dysfunctional beliefs
selective abstraction - only way to do something
dichotomous reasoning - do X to get Y
overgeneralisation - failed last night will fail again
magnification - will be too much
superstitious thinking - abstract thing will happen
personalisation -
42
learning & cognitive theory - what is exposure
past behaviours predict future behaviour, habit formation
43
how many times higher is effectiveness of treatment in those with good adherence
3x
44
learning & cognitive theory - what is modelling
peer led videos, parents behaviours
45
what are the 5 cores of the socio- ecological model
```
individual - knowledge, attitude, skills
interpersonal - social network
organisational - ethos, environment
community - cultural values, norm
public policy
```
46
HAPA - what 3 factors influence behaviour in the action stage
regulatory self efficacy - keep doing behaviour
action control - aware of standards - doing behaviour correct
action/ coping planning - plan solutions
47
what are some physiological responses to stress
autonomic fight or flight
| hormonal fluctuations
48
what are some negative consequences of obesity
hypertension, T2DM, osteoarthrits, heart disease, respiratory problems, lower back pain, cancer, MH, increased mortality
49
in a TBP intervention what should be targeted to deliver an change in intention and behaviour
subjective norms
| perceived behaviour control
50
learning & cognitive theory - what is reinforcement
praise, pleasure, rewards
51
according to elaboration likelihood model what has to happen to make people change their beliefs and behaviour
message be congruent with existing beliefs
message personally relevant
individual must understand argument
52
what is behavioural immunogen
a behavioural practice thought to be health protective behaviours eg exercise
53
what learning theory is companionship
positive reinforcement
| - exciting things and celebrating positive events improves relationship satisfaction
54
what is self affirmation intervention an example of
emotion based intervention
55
what are the most psychoactive substances used
1- caffeine
2- alcohol
3 - nicotine
56
what are the 4 ways of measuring well-being
```
cantorial self anchoring scale - ladder of QoL now and 10 years
global satisfaction (1-7)
basic emotions (1-5)
circumflex model - daily affect 2D model
```
57
what 3 things influence behavioural intention (TPB)
attitude towards behaviour
subjective norms
perceived behaviour control
58
list some emotion regulation strategies
```
attentional deployment
response modulation
cognitive change
distraction
suppression
reapprasing
```
59
what are the differences between social cognition, dual process and stage models of behaviour
social - describe reasoned approaches to behaviour
dual process - incorporate reasoned and autonomic processes
stage - find where person is with their behaviour and which determinants should be targeted
60
what is the mind body relationship model of health
disease attributed to evil spirits and punishment from the gods. mechanistic view - underpins the biomedical model
61
list some patient adherence predictor interactional mediators
depression, anxiety, worry symptoms/ side effects
62
what does PERMA stand for (positive psychology)
```
P - positive emotion
E - engagement / flow
R - relationships
M - meaning
A- accomplishment
```
63
how does stress make you ill
not stress itself but physiological effects of psychological stress
64
is knowledge significant enough for behaviour change
no but it is necessary
65
what is the system of a no coping response that leads to relapse
decreased self efficacy
lapse - initial use
abstinence violation effect, cognitive dissonance, internal attributions
66
build positive relationships - how can you work on them
mutual meaningful goals
active love
relationship rituals
67
define allostasis
active process by which organisms achieve stability through change
68
what is associated with less healthy eating amongst 12-22
parental permissiveness
69
build positive relationships - how can you appreciate the positives
find benefits and appreciate them
respond to positive events
active constructive responding
70
what is 'not ill ' as a category of social representations of health
no symptoms/ doctors visits
71
what is a habit
actions that have come to be autonomically triggered by situational cues
72
what are the 4 elements of social relationships, health and wellbeing
```
social structural conditions (macro)
social networks (mezzo)
psychological mechanisms (micro)
pathways
```
73
TPB - what determines subjective norms
- beliefs about how others would like you to behave
| - positive/ negative judgements
74
relapse - what can be done to prevent initial lapse
reminder card - what to do when slip
75
what is self efficacy
confidence is ability to perform a behaviour - regulates process that enhances or impedes behaviour
76
what 4 things form self efficacy
1- previous mastery experience
2 - vicarious experience
3- social persuasion
4 - emotional arousal
77
positive psychology - what is involved in accomplishment
completing goals and following core values
78
basic behaviour change methods - what is reinforcement
linking a behaviour to any consequence that increases the behaviours rate, frequency or probability
79
what is 'reserve ' as a category of social representations of health
strong family, recover quickly from operation
80
how does social support protect a person against negative effects of stress
- influence cognitive appraisals of a situation - perceive resources as greater
- modify persons coping response to stressor after it has been appraised as stressful
81
basic behaviour change methods - what is punishment
providing punishment - linking a behaviour to any consequences that decrease the behaviour's rate, frequency or probability
82
what are some barrriers to exercise
```
lack of time
costs
lack of access to appropriate facilities and equipment
embarrassment
lack of company
```
83
list some reasons for non- adherence
lack of refills
forgetting
sleeping through doses
side effects - too sick
84
list some emotional responses to stress
annoyance, anger, anxiety, fear, grief
85
what is a high NaCL intake linked with
high blood pressure
86
what does a high level of self efficacy indicate
increased confidence in ability to succeed
87
what type is the reflective impulse model (RIM)
dual process model
88
what are acute stressors
short term
demands and pressures of recent past
anticipated demands of the future
usually manageable
89
basic behaviour change methods - what is persuasive communication
guiding individuals and environmental agents towards the adoption of an idea, attitude or action by using arguments or other means
90
list methods to change skills
```
guided practice - reverse and repeat
verbal persuasion
improve physical/ emotional state
provide cognitive rewards
cue altering
goal setting
```
91
what are the 4 ways to assess subjective health status
1 - self rate
2- compare to prior health eg 1 year
3 - compared to others
4 - functioning / activities - prevent form doing what they want (a vigorous, b moderate c gentle)
92
what are some barriers to condom use
reduces spontaneity/ sexual pleasure
anticipated objection of suggesting
unsure of correct usage
NOT and individual behaviour
93
what is the biopsychosocial model of health
disease and symptoms are explained by a combination of physical, cultural, psychological and social factors
biological - virus, bacteria, injury, genes, congenital
psychological - thoughts, emotions, behaviour
social - economical, environmental, cultural
94
patient adherence predictor - adherence motivation
personal - attitude, outcome expectations, outcome beliefs
| social - support, reputation
95
what 2 components is social support considered in
structure - type , size of network
| functions - they serve
96
emotion based intervention - what emotional response does fear appeal evoke
anxiety
97
what is active constructive responding
ways of responding to talking about good events
active constructive - enthusiasm, ask questions, reinforce positives
active deconstructive- talk about negatives, find a problem
passive constructive - smile, acknowledge
passive deconstructive - avoid/ change subject
98
what are the 12 types of social relationship
```
spouse
parents
children
parents in law
other close family members
friends
close neighbours
colleagues
school friends
volunteers
group members (religious)
group members (non- religious)
```
99
what 4 things build positive relationships
1. work on them
2. strive to be known rather than validated
3. allow for conflict
4. appreciate the positive
100
stress - how does approached (active) focused coping work
actions to attend the source of stress, confront the problem
| eg get more information, behavioural efforts to manage
101
predicting behaviour - does attitude predict intention
no
102
what is cortisol and its effects
anti- inflammatory hormone
- energy metabolism (fats - glucose)
- vascular responsiveness
- memory formulation
- relatively slow acting
103
list some parameters for effectiveness for a behaviour change model
receiver has necessary skills
receiver identifies with model (peer group best)
coping model - experience obstacles - rather than mastery
model is positively reinforced
104
basic behaviour change methods - what is belief selection
using messages designed to strengthen positive beliefs, weaken negative beliefs and introduce new beliefs
105
what are limitations of the WHO definition of health
doesnt address socio-economic and cultural influences on health, illness and health decisions
omits major role of psych in experience of health and illness
106
what are psychological benefits of exercise
reduces anxiety and depression
heightens self esteem and self image
increase levels of pr-social behaviour
delays neuronal dysfunction (cognitive decline)
107
what types of support can you give
emotional - empathy, caring, concern
esteem - positive regard, encouragement, positively comparing
tangible - direct aid, finance, aid
informational - advice, suggestions
network - feedback, welcoming, shared experiences
108
which 2 factors affect adherence
skills
| information
109
what are the 4 methods of coping with stress
problem focused
emotion focused
approach
avoid
110
what are the social networks - mezzo of social relationships, health and wellbeing
social network structure
| characteristics of network ties
111
what is coping with stress
process of managing stressors that have been appraised as taxing or exceeding a persons resources
wide range of efforts made to respond to, tolerate or resolve the stressor
dynamic process - learned behaviour
112
what percentage of CHD, cancer, lung cancer and COPD are linked to smoking
```
CHD- 30%
cancer - 70%
lung cancer - 90%
COPD - 80%
passive smoking 25% lung cancer deaths in non smokers
```
113
what is the deference between dualism and monoism
dualism - idea that mind and body are separate units
| monism - one unit (psychological causes --> physical changes and visa versa)
114
learning & cognitive theory - what is incentives
used as motivation
| eg getting money, saving money
115
what is conversion hysteria (psychoanalytic contributions)
stressors & traumas (unconscious conflicts) cause physical symptoms such as numbness, blindness and paralysis with no organic cause
116
physical benefits of exercise - what is good about exercise strengthening the heart muscle
improve cardiac and respiratory efficiency
117
relapse - what things can be done to prevent a no coping response
```
relaxation training
stress management
imagery
skills training
relapse rehearsal
```
118
RIM model - what is the reflective stage of the behaviour
```
perception of cue
knowledge
reasoning
intention
behaviour
```
119
what are the 2 systems in the RIM model
1 - impulsive HABIT - fast acting, unconscious, autonomic
| 2 - reflective SELF CONTROL- reasoned, goal directed, effortful
120
how are food preferences learned (methods, products, tastes, textures, food components)
early on through socialisation within family
121
what is health psychology involved in
promotion and maintenance of health
improving health care systems and health policy
prevention and treatment of illness
cause of illness -( diagnostic correlations) risk factors, vulnerability etc
122
what is the biomedical model of health
disease and symptoms have underlying pathological causes (physical) and treatment returns body to normal state
health is freedom from pain, disease or defect
mind and body are separate
123
what is adherence
the extent to which a patients behaviour matches agreed recommendations from their health professional
negotiation, patient centred care, shared decision making
124
what are chronic stressors
long term (>30 days)
unrelenting demands
can be unmanageable
125
what effects does adrenaline/ noradrenaline have on the body (autonomic fight or flight)
increase HR, BP, glucose
constrict small vessels, dilates vessels to major muscle groups
pupils dilate - take in more light
arousal - fear
126
Social cognitive theory - how may self efficacy influence goals
outcome expectations ,
sociostructural factores
goals
127
predicting behaviour - does subjective norm predict intention
yes
128
what did Bauman 1961 reveal health to be related to
feeling - sense of well-being
symptoms orientation - absence of disease
performance - fit/ function
129
what matters more relationship quality or quantity
quality
130
what effect does chronic stress have on immune function
suppress immune function - prolonged immunosuppressant effects of cortisol, increasing susceptibility to infections and disease
associated with impairment of healing and dysregulation of biomarkers associated with wound healing
131
what are the social- structural conditions - macro of social relationships, health and wellbeing
culture
socio- economic factors
politics
social change
132
HAPA - how do action plans work
designate where, when and how a behaviour will be achieved and can delegate control over goal - directed responses to anticipated situational cues
133
what is the secondary appraisal in the transactional/ interaction model of stress
perceived ability to cope with a situation
134
what are attitude beliefs
proabability of behaviour X > consequence Y
| desirability of consequence
135
what 4 things may influence self efficacy
1 previous mastery experience
2 viscarious experience
3 - social persuasion
4 emotional arrousal
136
predicting behaviour - does perceived behavioural control affect activity
no
137
what are the 6 categories of social representations of health
```
not ill
reserve
behaviour
physical fitness & vitality
psychosocial wellbeing
function
```
138
in the transactional/ interaction model of stress when does stress occur
imbalance between threat and perceived ability to cope
139
physical benefits of exercise - what does exercise reduce your risk of
heart disease, T2DM, obesity, osteoporosis, cancer
140
basic behaviour change methods - what is modelling
providing an appropriate model being reinforced for the desired action
141
what do social networks facilitate
provision of goods, services ad mutual defence in times of need or danger
142
method to change social influence - what is information about other's approval
providing information about what other's think about the person's behaviour and whether others will approve or disapprove of any proposed behaviour change
143
method to change social support - what is enhancing network linkages
training network members to provide support and members of the target group to mobilise and maintain their networks
144
what is a behavioural pathogen
a behavioural practice though to be damaging to health eg smoking
145
RIM model - what is the impulsive stage of the behaviour
perception of cue
associative store
behaviour
146
basic behaviour change methods - what is feedback
giving information to individuals and environmental agents regarding the extent to which they are accomplishing learning or performance, or to the extent which performance is having an impact
147
what are the 2 models for illicit drug use
dependence - addicts, possible ill or no control
| criminal - irresponsible , dangerous
148
what is the system for a good coping response to prevent a relapse
increased self efficacy
149
how many times more likely were those with 1-3 social relationships to develop the cold than those with 6 or more
4.2
150
what is the difference between primary and secondary prevention of a health behaviour
primary - educate children about risks
| secondary - change behaviour of those already
151
what is the classic conceptualisation of social support
- what can you do to support someone through stress
| - what can a partner offer in stressful situations
152
biological mechanisms of exercise - what is released into the bloodstream
natural opiates - produce natural high
adrenaline - counteract stress response
muscle relaxants - reduce feelings of tension
153
TPB - what determines perceived behaviour control
- how much they believe they have control over control (perceived control)
- self efficacy - confidence about being able to perform a behaviour
154
basic behaviour change methods - what is individualisation
providing opportunities for learners to have personal questions answered or instructions paced according to their individual progress
155
what are the main 3 aspects considered when continuing unhealthy behaviour and developing dependence
- family history , genetics
- personality characteristics
- social learning theory
156
define social support
resources (actual or perceived) available from one or more others to assist the focal person in the management of stress experiences
157
define homeostasis
maintenance of stable psychological systems (internal environment) that are essential to life
158
basic behaviour change methods - what is facilitation
creating and environment that makes the action easier or reduces barriers
159
what is 'function ' as a category of social representations of health
ability to perform duties - do what you want with no physical limitation
160
list some factors involved in the initiation of a behaviour
```
curiosity
modelling (social) - reduced perception of risk
social pressure - positively encouraged
genetics
image
self esteem
weight control
risk taking
health cognitions
stress
```
161
stress - how does avoidance (passive) focused coping work
actions to minimise threat, distract
| can be emotional or completely avoiding situation
162
list some patient adherence predictor moderators
ethnic identity/ race - trust in profession
| socio-economic status
163
predicting behaviour - does perceived behavioural control predict intention
yes
164
methods to change skills - what is inactive mastery experience
providing increasingly challenging tasks with feedback to serve as indicators of capability
165
behaviour method - what is application
practical technique for operationalising methods in ways that fit with the intervention group and the context in which the intervention will be conducted
166
what are genetic factors leading to obesity
more fat cells and lower metabolic rate
| leptin deficiency - apetite control
167
learning & cognitive theory - what is associative learning
pairing behaviour with other healthy behaviours
168
how are habits learned
context dependent repetition (cue dependent)
169
TPB - what determines attitude towards behaviour
- beliefs about consequences of performing behaviour
| - positive/ negative judgements
170
basic behaviour change methods - what is active learning
encouraging learning form goal- driven and activity based experience
171
positive psychology - what is involved in meaning
creating a purposeful narrative
172
how does cognitive behavioural therapy change behaviour
reinforcement, modelling, exposure, associative learning
| changes cognitions and dysfunctional beliefs
173
list some aspects of learning & cognitive theory
```
reinforcement
associative learning
modelling
incentives
exposure
adding cognitions
```
174
what are some reasons people continue smoking for
habit
pleasure/ enjoyment
stress management
lack of belief in being able to stop
175
what is the basic definition of health psychology
the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare
176
what are some reasons for exercising
```
physical fitness
lose weight / body shape
maintain / enhance health status
improve self image/ mood
stress reduction
social
```
177
stress - how does emotion focused coping work
actions to manage/ regulate the emotions evoked
| eg acceptance, seek support, venting, exercise
178
what determinants is knowledge essential for (not sufficient)
risk perception, behavioural beliefs, perceived norm, behavioural control
179
stress - how does problem focused coping work
actions to reduce demands, increase resources available
| - plan to change, suppress competing activities,
180
method to change skills- what is planning coping response
Prompting participants to list potential barriers and ways to overcome these
181
what is the most important determinant of behaviour (T
intention
182
statistically what type of information do we pay more attention to
negative
info that confirms what we believe
what we want to hear
183
what is compliance
the extent to which patients behaviour (in terms of taking medications) coincides with medical or health advice (paternalistic)
184
what are 3 social cognition models
theory of planned behaviour
health belief model
protection motivation theory
185
what are the WHO guidelines for alcohol
women - 2 drinks
men - 3 drinks
up to 4 drinks average / day
stay at alcohol free at least one day a week
186
what are the 5 coping goals
1. reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance prospects of recovery
2. tolerate or adjust to negative events or realities
3. to maintain a positive self image
4. maintain emotional equilibrium and decrease emotional distress
5. maintain a satisfying relationship with others
187
what is included in the lay model of successful ageing (strongest predictor of quality of life)
medical, psychological, socio-economic and broader social influences
188
in the elaboration likelihood model what are the 2 pathways to process an argument
central
| peripheral
189
what type of model is the theory of planned behaviour
social cognition model
190
how is social support proven to buffer against stress
those with high social support are likely to appraise events as less stressful than individuals who don't
191
is adherence linked to motivation
no - but those who are motivated tend to learn more skills
192
what is concordance
matching between patient and doctor
193
what is the primary appraisal in the transactional/ interaction model of stress
perceived threat from a situation
194
what are behavioural / environmental factors in obesity
sedentary lifestyle
lack of physical activity slows metabolism
overeating / portion size
stress level
195
build positive relationships - how can you allow for conflict
no one always right in relationship
positive conflict resolution - challenge behaviour not person, avoid hostility/ insults/ contempt
keep disputes private
196
positive psychology - what is involved in Positive emotions
experiencing joy, pleasure, fun, safety
197
what is the WHO definition of health
a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
198
what are the pathways of social relationships, health and wellbeing
health behaviours
psychological pathways
physiological pathways
199
what are self- efficacy / control beliefs
perception of own competence
perception of obstacles
perception of own control over behaviour
200
define allostatic load
the price the body pays for being forced to adapt to psychological or physical situations
too much stress
inefficient operation of the stress hormone response system
201
what is a negative effect of excessive sat fat intake
arteries harden and blockages build
202
what is the recommended intake of fruit and veg
5-7 portions per day
| contains vitamins, folic acid, antioxidants, B-carotene - protect against cancer, heart disease
203
what doe a social cognition behaviour model assume
reasoned (reflective/ deliberative) process involving the consideration of options and anticipated outcomes (reasoned decision making)
204
patient adherence predictor - behavioural skills
for acquiring, self cue-ing and self administering medication in daily life
objective skills
self - efficacy
205
predicting behaviour - does intention predict activity
yes
206
what are the stages in the stages of change model
pre- contemplation - contemplation - preparation - action - maintenance - relapse
everyone at different stage
207
what are the Alameda 7 (key behaviours associated with health and longevity)
- getting regular exercise
- eating breakfast
- not eating between meals
- only drinking 1-2 units alcohol per day
- sleeping 7-8 hours per night
- not smoking
- not being over 10% overweight
208
how does social support effect disease (direct)
lack of social support is detrimental to health even in the absence of stress
greater sense of belongings and self esteem - positive outlook
reduced BP
enhances endocrine/ immune functions
209
what is the PATH model for intervention development
problem - who for, most be solvable with health psychology
analysis - outcome variable , applicability theory
test - variable not related to other variables
help - divergent stage - as many theories as possible, convergent stage - pick most promising
210
what type of model is the health action process approach (HAPA)
stage model
211
what are the benefits of positive emotions
feel good to feel good
recover better from stressor/ negative emotions
fuel psychological resiliency (upwards spiral)
212
what is the most common intuitive model for behaviour change
Knowledge - attitude - behaviour
213
what aren negative psychological consequences of exercise
excessive reliance can become compulsive , produce dependence
excess deprivation leads to low mood and irritability
