Exam Flashcards
(31 cards)
Group 1 - Wine
- הזן העיקרי של גפן היין הוא וויטיס ויניפרה
* תהליך ייצור היין בן 10 שלבים (שלבי תסיסה מאלו-לקטית, הצללה והתיישנות)
Group 2 - Nicotine Patches (מדבקות ניקוטין)
• Smoking causes high morbidity and heart diseases
• Dopamine and Glutamate play an important role in the addiction to cigarettes
(תאלואה = morbidity; התמכרות = addition)
• Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens (חומרים מסרטנים) and chemicals.
• Absorption of the active ingredient through the skin directly from the tobacco leaves
קבוצה 3 – AJOVY
migraןne ; Ab anti CGRP
- migraine is the third most common illness in the world
- migrane is a result of extrasensitivity to CGRP, which is a peptide that causes the expansion of blood vessels
- an Ab against CGRP lowers the amount of migraine days
קבוצה 4 – Integra -
Burns - Integra (dermal regeneration template)
- Burns
- lack of available skin, low efficiency of existing implants - need to find a replacement for the skin
- Collagen and GAGs - essential in restoring skin tissue with severe burns.
- Unlike dermis, neodermis does not contain hair follicles and sweat glands.
- *Neodermis: A layer of new skin formed after a wound.
- *Integra is Integra® Dermal Regeneration Template, available in Meshed and Non-Meshed configurations (Integra® Template) is a bilayer membrane system for skin replacement. The dermal replacement layer is made of a porous matrix of fibers of cross-linked bovine tendon collagen and glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin-6-sulfate) that is manufactured with a controlled porosity and defined degradation rate. The epidermal substitute layer is made of thin polysiloxane (silicone) layer to control moisture loss from the wound.
קבוצה 5 – SAXENDA
obesity - weight loss - liraglutide - GLP-1 (insuline release control)
- Obesity is a rapidly spreading global epidemic, complications, endangering health.
- GLP-1 affects insulin release from the pancreas, and controls food intake in the brain.
- The active ingredient in Liraglutide, which is similar to 97% for human GLP-1, undergoes changes, and its stability and half-life are increased - solution for the treatment of obesity.
- Novo Nordisk (global healthcare company - in diabetes care.)
- *Successful weight loss with GLP-1 agonists. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a naturally occurring incretin, is released subsequent to food intake and stimulates the secretion of insulin, inhibits the release of glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and decreases food intake through increased satiety.
- *Liraglutide (NN2211) is a derivative of a human incretin (metabolic hormone), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
- *Saxenda® is a prescription medicine that may help some adults lose weight along with reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.
קבוצה 6– Avastin
Colon cancer - drug against angiogenesis
• In 2018 colon cancer cases evaluated is about 1.8 million
Angiogenesis is a process that occurs in healthy people and differently in cancer patients
• The drug improves the effect of chemotherapy, but further studies are needed to examine overall survival
• The drug against angiogenesis in cancer is one of the reasons for Roche’s acquisition of Genentech
קבוצה 7 – Botox
natural (dangerous) toxin - quick cosmetic procedure
- This is the most dangerous toxin in nature
- The treatment process is quick and almost immediate
- This is the most common cosmetic procedure
- Most of the profits are cosmetic, not medical
קבוצה 8 – ARTIMISININ
Malaria - plasmidium transmitted through mosquito - drug found by Chinese (בצמח הלענה החד שנתית). - not enough source of the drug - Expensive - combined with other drugs
• Malaria - most prevalent in Africa, spread by female mosquito (passes parasite to people).
The malaria parasite (plasmidium) enters the liver first and then into red blood cells and explodes them.
• The malaria drug was devoured by the Chinese scientist Tu Youyou in the use of the annual wormwood plant.
• Due to lack of material from which the drug is produced, it has been combined with other drugs, leading to an increase in the price of the drug against malaria.
קבוצה 9 – Eylea
AMD - eye problems - Ab anti VEGF-A - vascularization
- AMD is most common in older people (60 and older), with other factors such as family history, smoking, and obesity aside from age.
- AMD can appear in both eyes independently of each other.
- Increased VEGF-A increases the chances of developing the wet form of the disease.
- Modern AMD treatment includes a protein that is attached to an antibody that eliminates VEGF-A activity in the area where the drug is secreted.
קבוצה 10 – Collplant
transgenic tobacco - expression of collagen
- Collagen has many uses ranging from the food industry to the health systems
- Collagen is the most common protein in the human body and is a significant building block in all body tissues
- Tobacco is an applied platform with a potential for the expression of recombinant human collagen
- The various technologies developed by the Company are marketed in Europe and on their way to approval in the USA
קבוצה 11 – Melatonin
melatonin hormone - secreted by pineal gland - sleep disorders
- The hormone works directly on the brain for sleeping, but also for controlling the biological cycle of various factors that vary between day and night.
- It is a hormone whose secretion is controlled by the biological clock from the pineal gland at night and takes part in many physiological processes in the body.
- In order for the treatment to be effective, the method, dose and time of administration must be compatible with the sleep disorder.
- The world’s hormone-containing pharmaceutical market is generating about $ 900 million a year and is expected to continue to grow from year to year because of the growing worldwide awareness of sleep problems and their effects on our lives.
קבוצה 12 – Day 2
2 days a week diet - scientifically based
- Obesity and diabetes are diseases in which microbial compounds contribute to their development
- The blood glucose response to the same food can be different for different people
- A personalized diet is more effective than a universal general diet
- Unlike other diets in the unregulated market, the diet in question is based on scientific research and puts consumer health at the top of its mind
קבוצה 13 – Humalog
insulin analog drug - made from recombinant DNA
- The main goal in the treatment of diabetes is to prevent complications of the disease
- The first human insulin is created by recombinant DNA
- Insulin in the body is produced in beta cells in the pancreas
- As of 2017, Eli Lilly was ranked fourth in the world in the sale of diabetes products
קבוצה 14 – CAR T
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and leukemia - CAR T (Chimeric Antigen receptor T) - Yescarta (immunotherapy technique) - treating B-cell lymphoma
- In 2018, about 1 million new cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and leukemia worldwide
- Yescarta therapy - technique in immunotherapy that uses the natural ability of T cells to destroy cells, to destroy cancer cells with a particular epitope that is not necessarily displayed on the MHC molecule
- In clinical trials, the drug Yescarta has been shown to be very successful in treating B-cell lymphoma with an objective response rate of over 80% and a complete response of nearly 60%
- There has been a significant increase in the value of the Kite Pharma share, from the first offering until the sale, due to the breakthrough technological potential, despite the high expenses
קבוצה 15 – PRALUENT
high cholesterol - for patients that don’t respond to diet control (genetic factors)
- Ab anti PCSK9 protein, thereby preventing LDL-R degradation, which helps lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood.
- High cholesterol is not just caused by food, it can also be caused by a genetic problem, and because there are no symptoms, identification is important.
- The antibody binds to the PCSK9 protein, thereby preventing LDL-R degradation, which helps lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood.
קבוצה 16 - Rituximab
Rheumatoid arthritis (דלקת מפרקים שיגרונית) - autoimmune disease - affects the synovial membrane in the joints (מפרקים). - Ab anti target molecule in B cells
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the synovial membrane in the joints.
• An antibody against a target molecule on B cells is a biological treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
קבוצה 17 – Solexa
Solexa = illumina sequencing - flow cell
- The use of flow cell for parallel sequencing (The flow cell is a glass slide containing small fluidic channels, through which polymerases, …)
- The NGS method caused prices to fall by one hundred orders of magnitude within three years.
קבוצה 18 – Medical cannabis
Epilepsy - seizures - CBD oil
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases in the world, and seizures are the main symptom that sometimes cause death.
Epileptic seizures are characterized by increased electrical activity in the brain.
• cbd oil has a very effective effect on epilepsy and reduces the rate of epileptic seizures and is the future cure for many diseases.
קבוצה 19 – Hemlibra
Hemophilia - blood clotting disorder - bi-specific Ab replacing role of factor VIII (8) in blood clot formation process.
• Hemophilia is divided into three types - A, B, C, with hemophilia A being the most common. In most cases, the disease is hereditary in relation to chromosome X.
Blood clotting is divided into two stages: primary hemostasis in which platelet aggregates form in the area of injury, and secondary hemostasis in which fibrin fibers are added to form the blood clot.
• The main component of the drug for hemophilia is a bi-specific antibody designed to replace the role of factor 8 in the blood clot formation process.
• In the future, the percentage of hemophilia drugs containing antibodies will increase and the percentage of drugs containing coagulation factors will decrease.
קבוצה 20 - In.pact Admiral DCB - Medtronic
Arterial obstruction - Restanosis - one-time release of paclitaxel using a balloon (treatment)
- Arterial obstruction is a widespread phenomenon with devastating consequences and catheterization is the common medical procedure for treating the problem.
- Restanosis (recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow) is a phenomenon that occurs in about 50% of patients who have undergone catheterization and the combination of the drug paclitaxel and urea has been found to be a suitable treatment to prevent this phenomenon.
- A quick, one-time release of paclitaxel using a balloon was found to be effective and less harmful than continuous release with a drug-coated stent.
קבוצה 21 – Herceptin
hyperactivity of 2HER causes increased division of cells into cancer cells - Ab Trastuzumab (binds to 2HER receptors) - preventing growth of cancerous tumor
- A benign tumor (גידול שפיר) has a great potential to become malignant tumor.
- 2HER is found in a normal cell in small quantities, hyperactivity of 2HER causes increased division of cells into cancer cells.
- The antibody Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that can bind to 2HER receptors, thus preventing the growth of the cancerous tumor.
קבוצה 22 - ELELYSO
gaucher disease (genetic) - damage of lysosomal enzyme - accumulation of substrate (glucosilceride) - plant based recombinant enzyme production
• Gaucher disease is a rare genetic disease inherited in autosomal recessive inheritance, but common among Jews of Ashkenazi descent.
• The basis of the disease is genetic damage to the function of lysosomal enzyme whose function is to dissolve glucosilceride. This damage causes the accumulation of the substrate and the expression of the disease.
Protalix pioneered the use of plant-based production technology for mass production of recombinant enzymes
קבוצה 23 – Copaxone
treatment for multiple sclerosis (טרשת) - produced by Teva (caused economical problems) - synthetic protein that simulates myelin basic protein, a component of the myelin that insulates nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord
קבוצה 24 – Priorix
measles (חצבת) - Priorix (vaccine used to prevent three diseases, measles, mumps and rubella)
- Measles is the most contagious infectious disease
- The immune effect relies on the acquired immune system
- The virus is weakened by its incubation in an organism that is not adapted to it
- Vaccination saves people from state economic costs in health care system
