Exam

Question 1

Motivation is BEST defined as_______

Answer 1

the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal.

Question 2

Emotion is BEST defined as__________

Answer 2

a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions.

Question 3

Assume that you want to perform well on this test, but you feel anxious about your ability to do
so. In this case, your desire to perform well is related to your _____ state, while your anxiety is
related to your _____ state.

Answer 3

motivational; emotional

Question 4

According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____.

Answer 4

energizes; is the feeling response

Question 5

In the _____ theory of motivation, a lack or a deficiency.

Answer 5

drive-reduction theory

Question 6

You bring a package home from the department store and your dog immediately jumps on you
to investigate it; your 3-year-old niece comes to visit and opens all your kitchen cupboards to
see what is inside; on a television documentary program, you see a monkey trying to open a box
left in its cage. All of these are examples of _____.

Answer 6

the arousal motive

Question 7

Performance is BEST for most tasks when you are experiencing _____ levels of arousal.

Answer 7

moderate

Question 8

You just stuffed yourself with a hot dog, a large tub of popcorn, and a box of Milk Duds while
watching a movie. When you come out of the theater, you smell the cinnamon buns across the
mall and decide to get one even though you are full. This can BEST be explained by _____.

Answer 8

incentive theory

Question 9

According to _____ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before one can move on to such higher needs as self-actualization.

Answer 9

Maslow’s

Question 10

The basic units of the brain and spinal cord that process, store, and transmit information are
the _____.

Answer 10

neurons

Question 11

If a trait is recessive, this means it will take _____ gene(s) for the trait to manifest itself in one’s
offspring.

Answer 11

recessive

Question 12

A neuron is______.

Answer 12

a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information

Question 13

What is the main function of our nervous system?

Answer 13

What is the main function of our nervous system?

Question 14

The branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey
them toward the cell body are called _____.

Answer 14

dendrites

Question 15

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____.

Answer 15

central and peripheral

Question 16

The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system.

Answer 16

peripheral

Question 17

Three structures associated with the brain stem are the _____.

Answer 17

pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Question 18

This part of the brain is responsible for survival functions such as heart beat and respiration.

Answer 18

Brain stem

Question 19

Three structures included in the hindbrain are the:

Answer 19

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Question 20

A stressor is defined as:

Answer 20

an environmental trigger that induces stress

Question 21

Samsara is an idealistic person who is exposed to chronic stress in her emotionally draining job
as an air traffic controller. The BEST term to describe what Samsara is likely to experience as a
result of this situation is _____.

Answer 21

burnout

Question 22

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of
stress are called _____.

Answer 22

hassles

Question 23

______________is a negative emotional state generally associated with a blocked goal.

Answer 23

Frustration

Question 24

According to your text, the degree of frustration you feel is related to _____.

Answer 24

your level of motivation to achieve a blocked goal

Question 25

This term refers to the fact that various parts of the brain are specialized for particular functions.

Answer 25

Localization of function.

Question 26

Which of the following is TRUE regarding basic temperament?

Answer 26

It tends to be consistent throughout early childhood and into adulthood.

Question 27

Stephanie wants to observe how her 2-year-old, Olivia, is behaving at daycare, so she sits in the back of the room to observe. Which research strategy is Stephanie trying to use?

Answer 27

Naturalistic observation

Question 28

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress are called _____.

Answer 28

hassles

Question 29

The belief that adult personality re􀂧ects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development is the definition of _____.

Answer 29

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

Question 30

The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system.

Answer 30

peripheral

Question 31

The psychological school of thought called structuralism is associated with _____ and engages in the method of studying experience called _____.

Answer 31

Wundt and Titchener; introspection

Question 32

Which is associated with Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 32

object permanence

Question 33

The science of psychology began in 1879 in Germany with Wilhelm ___________.

Answer 33

Wundt

Question 34

With regard to behavior, when adopted children resemble their adopted family’s behavior, this is evidence for the _____.

Answer 34

Predominance of "nurture"

Question 35

Three structures associated with the brain stem are the _____.

Answer 35

pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Question 36

The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan is called _____.

Answer 36

developmental psychology

Question 37

During the _____ stage of psychosocial development, individuals decide whether the world is good and satisfying, or painful and unrewarding. During the _____ stage, individuals develop a sense of competency or insecurity.

Answer 37

trust vs. mistrust; industry vs. inferiority

Question 38

The branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey them toward the cell body are called _____.

Answer 38

dendrites

Question 39

Assad and Juana believe in stimulating their new baby’s senses by playing and singing to her. They also believe it is important to reinforce her curiosity and her attempts to interact with them verbally. It is MOST likely that Assad and Juana believe that _____ is the major contributor to their child’s development.

Answer 39

nurture

Question 40

The term applied research is BEST defined as research that _____.

Answer 40

is designed to solve practical problems

Question 41

Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness, including the basic sensations, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing. Diane is practicing what Wundt would call _________.

Answer 41

introspection

Question 42

Sal had a severe stroke that left him unable to talk for a year. However, during the second year, he gradually regained his ability to speak. What is the most probable explanation for what happened?

Answer 42

The brain rerouted the neurons around the damaged area.

Question 43

What is the main function of our nervous system?

Answer 43

To convey information

Question 44

This part of the brain is responsible for survival functions such as heart beat and respiration.

Answer 44

Brain stem

Question 45

The four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development model are _____.

Answer 45

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 46

Which is associated with Piaget’s preoperational stage?

Answer 46

egocentric thinking

Question 47

Genes are found on chromosomes and _____.

Answer 47

carry the code for hereditary transmission.

Question 48

Modern day psychology emphasizes

Answer 48

critical thinking

Question 49

_____ research studies several groups of individuals at various ages, at one point in time, and provides information regarding _____.

Answer 49

Cross-sectional; age differences

Question 50

Today, most psychologists take _____ approach to human development.

Answer 50

an interactionist

Question 51

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____.

Answer 51

central and peripheral

Question 52

DNA stands for _____.

Answer 52

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 53

A stressor is defined as:

Answer 53

an environmental trigger that induces stress

Question 54

______________is a negative emotional state generally associated with a blocked goal.

Answer 54

Frustration

Question 55

Dr. Kaplan makes up her responses to radio listeners, using mostly her own “common sense”, personal beliefs, and values—rather than scienti􀂦c research. This practice is more like _____ than _____.

Answer 55

pseudopsychology; psychology

Question 56

If a trait is recessive, this means it will take _____ gene(s) for the trait to manifest itself in one's offspring.

Answer 56

2 recessive

Question 57

Problem-focused forms of coping focus on _____.

Answer 57

decreasing or eliminating the source of stress

Question 58

The psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective is associated with _____.

Answer 58

Freud

Question 59

A neuron is______.

Answer 59

a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.

Question 60

In a naturalistic observation, a researcher would be most likely to do which of the following?

Answer 60

observe and systematically record behavior in a participant’s natural state or habitat

Question 61

The basic units of the brain and spinal cord that process, store, and transmit information are the _____.

Answer 61

neurons

Question 62

Samsara is an idealistic person who is exposed to chronic stress in her emotionally draining job as an air tra􀂨c controller. The BEST term to describe what Samsara is likely to experience as a result of this situation is _____.

Answer 62

burnout

Question 63

In your text, psychology is defined as the ______.

Answer 63

scienti􀂦c study of behavior and mental processes

Question 64

Which of the following situations would be MORE effectively handled with emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping?

Answer 64

Your best friend is being treated for testicular cancer.

Question 65

_________ research observes and records behaviors without manipulating variables or producing cause- and-effect explanations.

Answer 65

descriptive

Question 66

To study moral development, Kohlberg _________.

Answer 66

collected cross-sectional data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas

Question 67

Three structures included in the hindbrain are the:

Answer 67

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Question 68

In your textbook, the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information is called _____.

Answer 68

critical thinking

Question 69

A scientist who seeks knowledge for its own sake is conducting ________.

Answer 69

basic research

Question 70

The term introspection means _______________

Answer 70

looking inward

Question 71

The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____.

Answer 71

advances general scientific understanding

Question 72

People who think of their professions as a “calling,” such as nurses, _________.

Answer 72

may burn out due to loss of idealism.

Question 73

If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory, you would be conducting _____ research.

Answer 73

basic

Question 74

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Answer 74

a and c are true a. Eustress is pleasant stress, while distress is threatening/unpleasant stress c. A total absence of stress would eventually lead to death

Question 75

Your visual receptors have begun to detect, convert, and transmit the contours of the letters on this exam to your brain. You are therefore engaged in the process of _____.

Answer 75

sensation

Question 76

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the world is called _____.

Answer 76

perception

Question 77

The three key functions of sensation are, respectively, _____.

Answer 77

detection, stimulation, and transmission

Question 78

Information processing that begins with raw sensory data and finishes with analysis in the brain is called _____.

Answer 78

bottom-up

Question 79

Information processing that begins with your thoughts, expectations, and knowledge and ends at the sensory level is called _____.

Answer 79

top-down

Question 80

Bottom-up processing has to work with ____, whereas top-down processing is associated with _________.

Answer 80

sensation; perception

Question 81

When you look up at the sky and simply notice the clouds, you are engaging in the process of _____; when you try to organize the clouds into recognizable shapes or objects, you are engaging in the process of _____.

Answer 81

sensation; perception

Question 82

These neurotransmitters act like morphine to inhibit pain perception.

Answer 82

Endorphins

Question 83

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc., is called alternate _____.

Answer 83

states of consciousness

Question 84

Armand is daydreaming, Adele is dreaming while asleep. Which statement is TRUE?

Answer 84

Both Armand and Adele are in alternate states of consciousness.

Question 85

Your BEST strategy for passing this exam is to _____.

Answer 85

use controlled processing

Question 86

Which of the following persons is engaged in controlled mental processing?

Answer 86

Bertha is rubbing her belly and patting her head at the same time.

Question 87

The biologically based, lowest level of awareness identified in your text is _____.

Answer 87

unconscious

Question 88

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm

Answer 88

The sleep-wake cycle

Question 89

The sleep stage marked by irregular breathing, eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming is called__________sleep.

Answer 89

REM

Question 90

Recent research suggests that REM sleep _____.

Answer 90

is important for consolidating new memories and learning

Question 91

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____.

Answer 91

learning

Question 92

Taking away or removing a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____.

Answer 92

negative reinforcement

Question 93

A program that designates the rate or interval at which a response is reinforced is called a _____.

Answer 93

schedule of reinforcement

Question 94

When you put nickels in a gum-ball machine, you receive _____ reinforcement; when you put nickels in a slot machine, you receive _____ reinforcement.

Answer 94

continuous; partial

Question 95

The learning of an association between an environmental stimulus and a behavioral response is known as _____.

Answer 95

conditioning

Question 96

Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) _____.

Answer 96

unconditioned stimulus

Question 97

In Pavlov’s original classical conditioning experiments, the _____ was the neutral stimulus, the _____ the stimulus that would elicit a reflex, and _____ was the reflexive response.

Answer 97

bell; meat powder; salivation

Question 98

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?

Answer 98

ANSWER: All of these options a. Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed b. The use of seductive women to sell cars to men c. Politicians learning to associate themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag

Question 99

_____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) _____.

Answer 99

A phobia; conditioned emotional response

Question 100

The occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus and not to other, similar stimuli is called stimulus _____.

Answer 100

discrimination

Question 101

An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____.

Answer 101

a reinforcement

Question 102

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?

Answer 102

Skinner: reinforcement

Question 103

Modern day psychology emphasizes

Answer 103

critical thinking

Question 104

In your text, psychology is defined as the _______

Answer 104

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 105

In your textbook, the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information is called _____.

Answer 105

critical thinking

Question 106

The science of psychology began in 1879 in Germany with Wilhelm ___________.

Answer 106

Wundt

Question 107

The term introspection means _______________

Answer 107

looking inward

Question 108

Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness, including the basic sensations, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing. Diane is practicing what Wundt would call _________.

Answer 108

introspection

Question 109

The term basic research is BEST defined as research that.______

Answer 109

advances general scientific understanding.

Question 110

A scientist who seeks knowledge for its own sake is conducting ________.

Answer 110

basic research

Question 111

_________ research observes and records behaviors without manipulating variables or producing cause- and-effect explanations.

Answer 111

descriptive

Question 112

In a naturalistic observation, a researcher would be most likely to do which of the following?

Answer 112

observe and systematically record behavior in a participant’s natural state or habitat