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Compendiums 4 and 5 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need a respiratory system?

A

We need to extract nutrients out of the food we eat to keep us alive, we
need to extract gases out of the atmosphere, particularly oxygen

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2
Q

How long can you survive without oxygen?

A

3-5 min

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3
Q

What would happen if CO2 built up?

A

pH decrease

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4
Q

4 functions of respiratory system

A

olfaction, exchange of gases, voice production, and protection

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5
Q

2 parts of upper tract, 4 parts of lower tract

A

Upper- nasal cavity, pharynx

Lower- larynx, trachea, bronchii, and lungs

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6
Q

5 things from anterior to posterior

A

nares, vestibule, nasal cavity proper, hard palate, nasal septum, choanae

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7
Q

What is a conchae and what’re its three parts?

A

lateral walls has three bony shelves
these encroach into the the nasal cavity
Increasing the surface area of the
mucosal layer

superior, middle, inferior

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8
Q

What are meatuses?

A

spaces under the conchae

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9
Q

What do olfactory mucosa do?

A

Specialise mucosa at the superior aspect

Involved with olfaction

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10
Q

What are paranasal sinues and what do they do?

A

Cavities found in bones surrounding the nasal cavity
They are lined with respiratory mucosa
Drain into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

4 types of sinuses and their corresponding bones

A 
Frontal sinus
(Frontal bone)
Maxillary sinus
(Maxilla)
Sphenoid sinus
(Spheniod bone)
Ethmoid sinus
(ethmoid bone)
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12
Q

3 Functions of sinuses

A

resonation, lighten the skull, bumper bar

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13
Q

Purpose of pharynx, where does it run from?

A

This is a common pathway
for air and food
From choanae to larynx

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14
Q

what are the three regions the pharynx divides?

A 
Divides into three regions
Nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx
continous with oral cavity
Laryngopharynx
posterior to opening of the larynx
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15
Q

What type of structure is the larynx?

A

cartilidgenous

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16
Q

where is the larynx located? how many cartiledges? draped with what?

A

Located in the neck (adam’s apple)
9 cartilages (8 hyaline and 1 elastic)
draped with respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

Functions of larynx? (4)

A 
Maintains a patent airway
Mucosa aid in trapping particulate matter
Directs the passage of food and air
epiglottis (elastic)
Houses the vocal cords
muscles control the aperture
and tension of vocal cords to produce
sound.
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18
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

12 cm

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19
Q

Where is the trachea found?

A

anterior to oesophagus

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20
Q

Where is division of the trachea?

A

primary bronch at carina

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21
Q

How many cartiledgenous things in trachea and what are they joined by?

A

16-20 C shaped

fibrous tissue

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22
Q

What two things happens to the tubes in lungs as they get smaller?

A

Amount of cartilage in the wall decreases

Amount of smooth muscle increases

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23
Q

3 common features of lungs?

A 
Apex -top
Base – rest on diaphragm
Hilum – on medial surface
Where things enter and exit
ie bronchi, blood vessels
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24
Q

What is on the external surface of lungs?

A 
serous membrane
the pleura (visceral)
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25
Purpose of pleural fluid in the lungs?
Keeps the lung adhered to inner thoracic wall during breathing
26
What makes up the thoracic wall?
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum & muscles
27
What does the diaphragm seperate?
muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
28
Muscles used in inspiration?
diaphragm contraction, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes
29
Muscles used in expiration?
abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
30
Three pressure compartments involved in breathing?
``` 1. Atmospheric (barometric) pressure 2. Intra - alveolar or intrapulmonary pressure 3. Intra - pleural or intrathoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural sac), which is less than intrapulmonary pressure ```
31
``` If water molecules are so strongly attracted towards each other why don’tthe alveoli completely collapse? ```
Surfactant is found on the alveoli lining interspersed between water molecules. It decreases the water molecules attraction to each other thus reducing the surface tension
32
How much more diffusible is CO2 than oxygen?
20 times
33
Instrument that measures volume of air that enters respiratory system?
spirometer
34
What is the tidal volume?
amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL
35
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (3000 mL at rest)
36
what is expiratory reserve volume?
amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume (100 mL at rest)
37
What is residual volume?
``` volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL) ```
38
What is inspiratory capacity? Functional residual capacity? Vital capacity? Total lung capacity?
tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal volume and residual volume
39
What is FVC?
which is maximal amount of air that can be | forcefully expired after a death breathe in.
40
Type of obstructive lung disease? | Type of restrictive lung disease?
Asthma | emphysema
41
3 adaptions of excercise?
Vital capacity increases Residual volume decreases At maximal exercise – tidal volume & minute ventilation increase
42
What catabolism?
energy-releasing process, large molecules to small
43
What is anabolism?
energy requiring process, small molecules to big
44
ADP + Pi + energy = ATP
hi
45
What is the cell's preferred way to store energy?
ATP
46
What is cellular respiration?
the process that breaks chemical bonds in food to | produce energy which is stored as ATP
47
3 main stages of cellular respiration and where they occur?
Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Electron transport change/oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane)
48
What does glycolysis break down?
Breaks down1 glucose molecule (6 carbon sugar) into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons)
49
What does glycolsysis use?
``` Uses 2 ATPs in the early stages Produces 4 ATP by the end = net production of 2 ATP Produces 2 NADH molecules   these are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce more ATP ```
50
Is glycolysis anerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic (no oxygen necessary)
51
If oxygen is available after glycolysis what happens? What happens if it is not available?
Available- pyruvate moves to second stage (citric acid cycle) Not available- pyruvate turns to lactice acid
52
Equation for citric acid cycle?
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH + 4 C02
53
What do NADH and FADH(2) do?
electron carrier molecules. transfer them to the electron transport chain
54
How many ATP are produced by glycolysis acetyl Co-A and citric acid cycle combined?
36 atp Gly- 6 CoA- 6 Citric- 24
55
Oxidative phosphorylation created how many ATP?
32-34
56
What do integral proteins do?
Move ions from one side of the membrane to the other
57
Example of ATP-powered transport? Which way do these work?
Sodium Pump Against their concentration gradient
58
What can diffuse through cell membrane?
All lipid soluble, some non-lipid soluble
59
What facilitated diffusion active or passive? What is commonly moved in facilitated diffusion?
passive Move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane. Amino acids and glucose in, manufactured proteins out
60
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane e.g. the plasma membrane
61
What is osmotic pressure or osmolarity?
This “pull” on water created by solutes
62
How is osmolarity measured?
Osmoles /L or mOsmoles /L.
63
What is the osmolarity of the intracellular fluid of a normal cell under normal conditions
290mOsmol/L
64
What is an isotonic solution?
When the solution and inside of the cell have the same osmolarity
65
What is a hypertonic solution?
Osmolarity is higher in the solution than in the cell. Water is pulled out of the cell and the cell shrinks.
66
What is a hypotonic solution?
Osmolarity is higher in the cell than in the solution. Water is pulled into the cell causing it to burst.
67
Cell swells? | Cell shrinks?
lysis | crenation

Compendiums 4 and 5 (1 decks)

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