exam Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
what does QALY stand for?
A
quality adjusted life year
2
Q
what is the equation for determining QALY?
A
length of life (years) x quality of life (from 0 being dead to 1 being perfect health)
3
Q
what does DALY stand for?
A
disability adjusted life year
4
Q
what is a DALY?
A
a year of healthy life lost, either through dying early or living with disability due to illness or injury
5
Q
what is the range for DALY weights?
A
0 being perfect health to 1 being death
6
Q
what is the equation for DALY?
A
YLL (years of life lost due to death) + YLD (years of life lived with disability)
7
Q
what is burden of disease?
A
loss of healthy life, total burden due to disease
8
Q
what is a risk factor?
A
attributes, characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disease or health disorder
9
Q
what are behavioural risks?
A
are those that individuals have the most ability to modify
10
Q
what are biomedical risks?
A
are bodily states that are often influenced by behavioural risk factors
11
Q
what are the three levels of prevention?
A
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
12
Q
what is primary prevention?
A
removing disease risk factors eg. immunisations, seat belts etc.
13
Q
what is secondary prevention?
A
early detection and treatment eg. screening
14
Q
what is tertiary prevention?
A
reduce complications eg. B-Blockers post MI
15
Q
what is culture?
A
system of shared ideas, rules and meaning that inform individuals about how to view the world and how to act
16
Q
what is western medicine?
A
scientific eg. disease has a specific cause and treatment
17
Q
what is eastern medicine?
A
indie ayurvedics: balance, yoga, chakras eg. herbal treatments, accupuncture
18
Q
what are some characteristics of high context cultures?
A
- relational
- identify in groups-family, tribe
- communal space
- time not scheduled
- emphasis on non verbal communication
19
Q
what are some characteristics of low context cultures?
A
- identity based on accomplishment
- explicit verbal messages
- privacy important
- being on time
20
Q
what is spiral communication?
A
- trust and rapport
- sensitive health info
21
Q
what groups is spiral communication especially good for?
A
aus aboriginals and torres strait islanders
22
Q
what are the four cultural awareness stages?
A
- my way is the only way
- i know their way but my way is better
- my way and their way
- our way
23
Q
what are some tips for communicating with a culturally and linguistically diverse client?
A
- be welcoming
- use plain english
- check understanding
- actions speak louder than words
- use interpreters
24
Q
what does person centred care mean?
A
- treating individuals with respect
- tailoring care and seeing patient as an ‘expert’ in their own health
- participation of patient in their care
25
what is population (community) health?
a public health approach that aims to improve the health and wellbeing of whole populations and also tries to reduce inequalities between groups
26
what does WHO stand for?
world health organisation
27
what does ICF stand for?
international classification of functioning, disability and health
28
what is the aims of the ICF?
- provide scientific basis for consequences of health conditions
- establish common language
- permit comparison of data
- provide systemic coding scheme
29
what are three concepts of the ICF model?
- body functions and structures
- activities and participation
- enviro and personal factors
30
what is occupation?
anything you do or would like to
31
what are occupational risk factors?
risk factors are an attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease
32
what is occupational deprivation?
implies taking from and the influence of an external agency or circumstance that keeps a person from acquiring, using, or enjoying something
33
what is occupational imbalance?
imbalance involves a state that occurs because people's engagement in occupation fails to meet their natural health requirements for physical, social, and mental exercise or rest or their unique needs
34
what is occupational alienation?
a lack of familiarity or comfort, turning away from or being set against some thought, place, person or situation
35
what are the determinants of health?
factors that influence health and health behaviour
36
what are the main types of health determinants?
- individual (behavioural and biological)
- social and cultural
- enviro
- economic and political
37
why do we adopt a determinants approach to health?
better understanding of multiple factors that impact health, can help design appropriate policies and programs to improve population's health
38
what are the downstream determinants of health?
biological and behavioural factors
39
what are the midstream determinants of health?
- social and cultural factors
| - enviro factors
40
what are the upstream determinants of health?
economic and political factors
41
what are the main biological determinants?
- age
- sex
- race and ethnicity
- genes
- biomedical risk
42
what are solutions to trachoma?
- surgery
- antibiotics
- face washing
- enviro improvement
43
what are the steps of perceptions of people involved in the health belief model?
1. personal susceptibility
2. seriousness of consequences
3. perceived barrier of actions
4. perceived barriers to taking action
44
why are some reasons that health education campaigns don't work?
- focus too much on knowledge
| - assume people always make rational choices about their behaviour
45
what do traditional health education: medical/behaviour change models assume?
- knowledge alone is power
- everyone can understand and process info
- everyone has resources to change
- ignore underlying social situations and power relations etc.
46
if health change models only focus on individual and behaviour factors what is the likely outcome?
short term changes likely to relapse
47
what are the two broad types of physical enviro?
natural and built
48
what is a built enviro?
is the surroundings which are created or modified by people rather than naturally occurring
49
what are examples of underdevelopment?
- lack of access to clean water and sanitation
- poor housing quality
- poor access to health services etc.
50
where is underdevelopment particularly noticeable?
low income countries
51
what are examples of over-development?
- overcrowding
- pollution
- fossil fuel use
- land/water contamination
52
what is weather?
is the day to day state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temp etc. measures short term variation
53
what is climate?
is the weather climate of a place over a period of time
54
what is the difference between climate and weather?
measure of time
55
what has climate changes led to?
-changes in sea level
-increased temp
-extreme weather
etc.
56
what does air pollution lead to?
respiratory and cardiovascular disease
57
what does air pollution contain?
particular matter
58
what is particular matter?
is less than the thickness of hair. The smaller the matter, the deeper it can penetrate the lungs and bloodstream
59
what are sources of particular matter?
- coal and oil combustion
- the 'wear' of brakes and tyres
- dust
- volcanic eruption
- forest fires
- pollution
60
what is thunderstorm asthma caused by?
thunderstorms can break down pollen into smaller particular matter which can lodge in lungs leading to asthma
61
what is the meaning of environmental health justice?
the right of all people to a safe, healthy, productive. and sustainable enviro
62
what are some things that must be included by urban planners to create healthy urban enviros?
- parks and open space
- local shops and cafes
- accessable public transport
- recreation facilities
63
what are the ten social determinants?
- social gradient
- stress
- early life
- social exclusion
- work
- unemployment
- social support
- addiction
- food
- transport
64
is job security better or worse for mental health compared to unemployment?
worse
65
what can unemployment lead to?
psychological problems and premature death
66
what are the two classifications of poverty
absolute and relative
67
what is absolute poverty?
not having enough money to afford basic necessities and safe shelter
68
what is relative poverty?
having less money than the average income in your country, you can afford basic needs but you don't have money for anything extra
69
how can children who miss out on a secure emotional attachment be affected through life?
downward spiral of low educational attainment which leads to problem behaviour, leaving school early an limiting job options
70
what may happen to children going to school hungry?
find it hard to concentrate and stay in school
71
what are economic determinants?
access to economic resources and participation in the economy
72
what are political determinants?
the decisions made by governments, organisations and employers that affect our living and working conditions
73
what is a policy?
actions developed by governments and public authorities to address a given problem
74
what is a law and regulation?
a rule, usually made by gov that is used to order the way in which society behaves
75
what is the aus gov responsible for?
- medicare
| - ndis
76
what is the state gov responsible for?
- public hospitals
- ambulance
- community health
- ndis
77
what is the local gov responsible for?
- maternal and child health
| - immunisation
78
what is aus three tier government?
- federal
- state
- local
79
what is a health policy?
a policy that directly relates to health and health system
80
what are examples of health policies?
- patient nurse ratios
| - medicare rebates
81
what does the NDIS stand for?
national disability insurance scheme
82
what are the gender patterns of physical violence for women?
- experienced from a current or previous partner
- experienced in public
- more likely to experience multiple forms at a higher rate
83
what are the gender patterns of physical violence for men?
- experienced from a stranger
- in public
- more likely from another male
84
what are some types of non-physical violence?
- controlling behaviour
- stalking
- verbal
- emotional
- intimidation etc.
85
what are four steps of being an active bystander?
- notice event
- interpret it as a problem
- take responsibility for dealing with it
- possess necessary skills to act
86
what are the five stages of behaviour change?
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
87
what does FRIES stand for in regards to consent?
- freely given
- reversible
- informed
- enthusiastic
- specific
88
what are some principles of a healthy relationship?
- comfortable pace
- trust
- honesty
- independence
- respect etc.
89
what are some principles of an unhealthy relationship?
- jealousy
- manipulation
- isolation
- guilting
- betrayal
