Exam and quiz reviews

Question 1

What causes changes in regionally different populations of the same species?

Answer 1

dialects

Question 2

What are some patterns of migration?

Answer 2

• early male arrival
• further female migration
• later female arrival

Question 3

What are some benefits of flock life?

Answer 3

• Information sharing
• predator confusion
• team hunting
• detection of predators

Question 4

What is a lek?

Answer 4

a location with multiple males displaying but one dominant male getting all the play

Question 5

What are two mechanisms for sperm competition?

Answer 5

• Mate guarding

- frequent mating

Question 6

Which breeding system has the largest testes size?

Answer 6

polyandrous (female has more than one male mate)

Question 7

What are benefits for staying at the nest and helping to raise young?

Answer 7

• higher breeding opportunities later in life
• increased inclusive fitness
• no need to risk trying to find new territories

Question 8

Which region of the brain is important for learning song?

Answer 8

LMAN

Question 9

Which bird flies the furthest for migration?

Answer 9

arctic tern

Question 10

What are some functions of calls?

Answer 10

• warning of predators
• mate communication
• begging
• coordinate mobbing

Question 11

what are some mechanisms for bird navigation?

Answer 11

• geomagnetic fields
• star position
• sun position
• landmarks
• odor

Question 12

What are some costs for migration?

Answer 12

• energetically costly

- increased mortality risk

Question 13

what are some benefits for migration?

Answer 13

• lower overall energy loss due to stabilized metabolic rate
• more resources/food
• avoidance of competition
• reduced predation of nests

Question 14

what are two typical bird behaviors before migration?

Answer 14

• hyperphagy (increased fat consumption)

- zugunrube (nighttime restlessness correlated to migration distance)

Question 15

What are some costs to males for EPC?

Answer 15

• divorce
• reduced parental care
• reduced mate guarding

Question 16

What some female benefits for EPC?

Answer 16

• increase genetic variability
• decreased chance of infertility
• acquisition of more resources

Question 17

give an example of sequential tool use.

Answer 17

New Caledonian Crow can pull up a short twig hanging from a string and use it to get a longer stick from behind bars, then used the longer stick to get food from an even further distance.

Question 18

Two advantages to participate in a lek, GO.

Answer 18

1) Learning: be an apprentice to a dominant successful male
2) Kin Selection: related males in a lek add to inclusive fitness
3) Sneaking: subdominant males can sneak in some play
4) Lek acquisition

Question 19

Give some examples of tool use in birds.

Answer 19

• bread for fishing
• dung for baiting beetles
• hay straws for nest insulation

Question 20

what are some birds with proportionally larger brains to body relative to the average?

Answer 20

• parrots, owls, crows, ravens, woodpeckers, hornbills

Question 21

what are two processes that occur during the sensorimotor phase of song learning?

Answer 21

1) subsong “bubbling”

2) Song crystallization one syllable at a time

Question 22

What is a staging area and give and example

Answer 22

• a feeding spot for migratory birds

- ex: red-knots and horseshoe crabs

Question 23

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 23

indirect + direct fitness

Question 24

When did dinosaurs go extinct?

Answer 24

65 MILLION years ago

Question 25

What is the correct order of ancient periods?

Answer 25

"hey TryJCT" | - triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary

Question 26

what is the purpose of the alula?

Answer 26

reduce induced drag

Question 27

what is true about uric acid?

Answer 27

- it is energetically expensive to produce | - it is insoluble in water

Question 28

What muscle adjusts the lens of the bird's eye?

Answer 28

Brucke's

Question 29

Give the order of food passage through a bird.

Answer 29

esophagus > crop > proventriculus > gizzard > intestine > cloaca

Question 30

What is metabolic water?

Answer 30

water produced as a metabolic by product

Question 31

what does the follicle collar do?

Answer 31

produces stem cells that become parts of the feather

Question 32

name some anatomical proofs that birds are modern dinosaurs.

Answer 32

furcula, hollow bones, air sacs

Question 33

Torpor does what?

Answer 33

reduces body temp and metabolic rate

Question 34

What are the three flight theories?

Answer 34

1) cursorial 2) arboreal 3) wing- assisted incline running

Question 35

What happens as airspeed increases?

Answer 35

- form drag increases | - induced drag decreases

Question 36

Describe precocial.

Answer 36

- ready go from the moment of birth - ancestral trait - balances maturation with physical growth

Question 37

Describe altricial.

Answer 37

- extremely vulnerable from moment of birth | - delays maturation, focuses on physical growth

Question 38

define nidifogous

Answer 38

leaves nest right away

Question 39

define nidicolous

Answer 39

remains in nest

Question 40

Describe seasonality

Answer 40

- birds that live in areas of low variability will have smaller clutch sizes than areas of high variability.

Question 41

which region has larger clutch sizes north or south, and why?

Answer 41

north due to larger variability in environment (seasonality)

Question 42

what are two ways to determine long-term population trends?

Answer 42

- christmas bird counts | - breeding bird survey