Exam Ch 1 & 2

Question 1

Statistics is an investigation process that involves:

Answer 1

Formulate questions
Collect data needed to answer the questions
Describe the data
Draw conclusions using appropriate methods

Question 2

Statistics

Answer 2

the study of procedures for collecting, describing, and drawing conclusions from information

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

ALL; the entire collection of individuals that the data is beings gathered from

Question 4

Sample

Answer 4

A subset of a population

Question 5

Census

Answer 5

info gathered from an entire population

Question 6

Sampling

Answer 6

the process of gathering information from a sample of a population

Question 7

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Answer 7

The entire population has an equal chance of selection from the beginning to the end of the selection process

Question 8

Sample of convenience

Answer 8

“a non-probability sampling method where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access.”

Question 9

Stratified Random Sample

Answer 9

the population is divided into groups (strata) based on characteristics and then an SRS is done on each strata

Question 10

Cluster

Answer 10

the population is divided by location, and then an SRS is done on everything in the group

Question 11

Systematic Sampling

Answer 11

Ordered and every Kth item is chosen

Question 12

Voluntary Response Sample

Answer 12

used by the media to try to engage the audience

Question 13

Statistic (Stat)

Answer 13

Sample

Question 14

Parameter

Answer 14

Population

Question 15

Variables

Answer 15

characteristics (color, weight, shape, taste)

Question 16

Data

Answer 16

the value of the characteristic (1/red .35lds round sweet)

Question 17

Data set

Answer 17

All information collected (1/red .35lds round sweet 2/purple .62lbs round sweet 3/yellow .85 round tart)

Question 18

Qualitative

Answer 18

Characteristics

Question 19

Quantitative

Answer 19

Measurements

Question 20

Nominal

Answer 20

sort and count

Question 21

Ordinal

Answer 21

sort and order in a meaningful way

Question 22

Nominal is

Answer 22

qualitative

Question 23

Ordinal is

Answer 23

qualitative

Question 24

Discrete

Answer 24

countable

Question 25

Continuous

Answer 25

Exist on a range

Question 26

Types of number

Answer 26

Discrete and Continuous

Question 27

Interval is

Answer 27

quantitative

Question 28

Ratio is

Answer 28

quantitative

Question 29

Levels of measurement

Answer 29

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

Question 30

time is

Answer 30

quantitative

Question 31

Interval

Answer 31

Zero is a location, zero does not mean the absence of the quantity

Question 32

Ratio

Answer 32

Zero means none, zero means the absence of the quantity

Question 33

Experimental units

Answer 33

-individuals who are studied

Question 34

Experiment

Answer 34

"Do something"

Question 35

Outcome / Response

Answer 35

What is measured on each experimental unit

Question 36

Treatments

Answer 36

procedures applied

Question 37

Randomized experiment

Answer 37

a study in which the investigator assigns treatments to the experimental units at random

Question 38

Observational study

Answer 38

the assignment to treatment groups is not made by the investigator.

Question 39

Double-blind

Answer 39

When neither the investigators nor the subjects know who has been assigned to which treatment

Question 40

Completely Random Experiment

Answer 40

No restriction on which subjects may be assigned which treatment

Question 41

Confound

Answer 41

a variable that is related to both the treatment and the outcome

Question 42

Observational Studies

Answer 42

Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies

Question 43

Cohort Study

Answer 43

A group of subjects are studied to determine whether various factors of interest are associated with an outcome

Question 44

Prospective Cohort study

Answer 44

Subjects are followed over time

Question 45

Cross-sectional cohort study

Answer 45

Measurements are taken at one point in time

Question 46

Retrospective Cohort Study

Answer 46

Subjects are sampled after the outcome has occurred

Question 47

Case-control study

Answer 47

two samples where one has a disease (the case) and the other does not (the controls) are looked at by the investigator to determine whether a factor of interest differs between the groups.

Question 48

Frequency

Answer 48

number of times

Question 49

Frequency distribution

Answer 49

a table

Question 50

Bar graph

Answer 50

graphical representation

Question 51

Pareto Chart

Answer 51

in order (from greatest to least)

Question 52

horizontal bar

Answer 52

long named frequency

Question 53

side-by-side bar graph

Answer 53

compare two bar graphs of the same categories

Question 54

Pie Chart

Answer 54

circle

Question 55

Histogram

Answer 55

bar graph with touching bars

Question 56

Skew to the right/positive skewed

Answer 56

Right-hand tail

Question 57

Skew to the left/negative skewed

Answer 57

Left-hand tail

Question 58

Symmetric

Answer 58

right mirrors the left

Question 59

Bell shaped/Single peak/Symmetric

Answer 59

histogram with single peak in the middle

Question 60

Uniform

Answer 60

approximately the same

Question 61

Unimodal

Answer 61

One mode

Question 62

Bimodal

Answer 62

Two modes

Question 63

Class midpoint

Answer 63

Lower limit for a class + Lower limit of next class/ 2