exam cram Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
define civilization
A
an advanced stage of human cultural development which implies the use of superior technology and complex economic relationships
2
Q
list 4 traits which mark a civilisation
A
evolution of cities
surplus food
system of writing
public building
3
Q
give 3 points on the progress of man between 4000-3000bc
A
he took to agriculture and made more efficient tools and lived a settled life on banks of rivers
civilizations could produce surplus food due to the agricultural potential of the river banks.
these causes allowed people to become specialists and develop new skills instead of producing food.
4
Q
list 3 skills that people developed between 4000-300 bc
A
writing
seal making
large-scale construction
5
Q
list 2 advantages of metal over stone
A
higher durability
metals could be used for making a variety of tools and weapons
6
Q
which was the first metal to be discovered
A
copper
7
Q
what is the chalcolithic period
A
the period when man use both stone and copper tools
8
Q
how was bronze produced
A
by mixing copper with tin or zinc to form an alloy
9
Q
why was bronze more suitable than copper for the manafacture of tools and weapons
A
bronze is harder and more ductile
10
Q
list 4 bronze age civilizations by 2500 bc and their location
A
harappan civilisation- in northern and western parts of india and pakistan
mesopotamian civilization- on the banks of river tigris and euphrates in modern day iraq
the chinese civilization- in the valley of hwang ho and yangtze rivers
the egyptian civilization- on the banks of the nile river.
11
Q
define the term culture
A
a group of objects distinctive in style usually found in a specific geographical area
12
Q
give 2 examples of culture in the harappan civilisation
A
weights, stone blades
13
Q
why is the indus valley civilization also called the harappan civilisation
A
this is because the harappan site was the first to be discovered
14
Q
where is harappa situated
A
west punjab, pakistan
15
Q
list 4 sources of the harappan civilization
A
the great bath, the citadel, seals, bearded man
16
Q
explain 4 features of the great bath
A
- the construction indicates that there was a high level of perfection in the art of building during that time
- the structure is huge which points out that there couldve been a ruling class which mobilised labour and collected taxes to build the structure
- scholars agree that the great bath might have been used for religious purposes, which indicates the importance attached to ceremonial bathing
- the design shows efficient planning of water supply and sewage disposal
17
Q
explain the structure of the great bath in 4 points
A
- has a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor in each side
- there are 2 flights of stairs in the north and south leading to the tank.
- to make it watertight, burnt bricks, mortar lines with bitumen and gypsum was used
- the water was provided by a well in a nearby room.
18
Q
list 3 points on the structure of the citadel
A
- It was the raised area of each city
- it owed its height to the buildings on mudbrick platforms.
- had the houses of the ruling class and important buildings like the great bath
19
Q
list 2 points on the significance of the citadel
A
it points to the elaborate planning that went into the cities and justifies that the civilization was an urban one.
the presence of specific buildings indicates some sort of social classification
20
Q
describe the seals in 3 points
A
- Most of the seals are rectangular or square but some are circular
- Most of them are comprised of short inscriptions with pictures of the bull, buffalo, tiger, goat, elephant and rhino,
- Materials used in the the seals are terracota, steatite, agate etc.
21
Q
what is the significance of the seals in 3 points
A
- they showed the artistic skills of the harappans
- they provide information about the script, trade, religion and beliefs of the harappans
- the seals were used in trade and found in various regions indicating that that harappan trade spread across vast area
22
Q
describe the seals of pashupati and what is its significance
A
it shows a three faced deity wearing a buffalo-horned dress sitting cross legged on a throne surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a buffalo, a rhino with 2 deer at his feet
- it shows that the people believed in shiva
23
Q
what does the unicorn seal show (1 point)
A
it shows their mythical beliefs
24
Q
describe the structure of the bearded man and explain its significance (3 points)
A
Stone sculpture of a bearded man wearing a shawl over his left shoulder and his eyes are half closed
- Some scholars believe this is a statue of a yogi due to its structure
- It points to the skilled artisans in the harappan civilization
25
where was the bearded man found
mohenjo-daro
26
describe the structure of the dancing girl and its importance in 3 points
- It is a bronze statue of a dancing girl
- The right arm of the girl rests on the hip and the left arm is bangled, it holds a bowl against her leg
- It shows the high degree of development in the art of sculpture
27
where was the dancing girl found
mohenjo-daro
28
list 3 points on the structure of the dockyard
- It is rectangular in shape,
- Surrounded by a big brick wall for protection against floods.
- It was made of baked bricks
29
list the significance of the dockyard (2 point)
it was an important trading and manufacturing centre.
| it was used to carry out overseas trade
30
where was the dockyard discovered
lothal in gujarat
31
explain how seals were used in trade (2 points)
- The seals were used to stamp goods
| - After a bag with goods was tied, a layer of wet clay was applied and the seal was pressed on it
32
give 2 points on the harappan script
It is pictographic as its signs represent birds, fish and varieties of human form.
There are around 375-400 signs in the script
33
what are the 2 groups of theories on the origin of the indus valley civilization
foreign origin and indigenous origin
34
explain the foreign origin theory in 4 points
- some scholars believed that the civilisation came into existence due to sudden migration of people with an urban civilization to the indus basin
- According to those scholars, the harappan civilization was an offshoot of the mesopotamian civilization.
- However excavations at various sites show striking difference between the 2 civilizations
- This theory has been rejected due to no evidence of trade with mesopotamia during early harappan period has been found
35
explain the indigenous origin theory in 4 points
- Recent research shows the root of harappan civilisation in indian soil
- According to some historians, the urban harappan culture was an outgrows of local village cultures
- These cultures probably contributed to the growth of the harappan civilisation
- The trade contacts with mespotamia helped find similarities between pre-harappan and proto-harappan cultures in terms of granary, defense walls and trade in some settlements which helped historians conclude that the civilisation evolved from these agricultural communities.
36
what is the extent of harappan culture
covered parts of punjab, haryana, sindh, baluchistan, gujarat, rajasthan and fringes of UP.
37
what are the 4 main centres of the civilization and where are they located
harappa, mohenjo-daro, chanhudaro and sutkagendor in pakistan.
38
list 2 centres of the civilisation in india
lothal and kalibangan
39
which are the 4 largest sites of the civilization
mohenjo-daro, harappa, kalibangan and lothal
40
list 4 common elements between mohenjo-daro and harappa
both are located on river banks
both measured around 5km in circuit
water supply drainage and granaries were common in both cities
ground planning including layout of streets and blocks of houses were present in both
41
list 4 cities where the harappan culture is prominent and their location
Harappa- montgomery district of punjab
Mohenjo-daro - larkhana district of sindh
Lothal- in gujarat at the head of the gulf of cambay
kalibangan- in northern rajasthan
42
what were the 2 parts each city was divided into, how were they divided
the citadel and the lower town, they were divided by a wall
43
what did the lower town contain
residential buildings
44
list 4 features of urban planning
- streets followed a grid pattern
- houses at street corners were rounded to allow carts to pass easily
- waste water was emptied into street drains.
- The streets crossed at right angles, dividing the city into square or rectangular blocks
45
list and explain 5 characteristics of housing in the harappan civilization
- residential buildings were built on a high mound to protect them from floods
- there were variations in the size of houses from single room to bigger houses with upto 12 rooms
- The entrances of the houses were from narrow lanes which cut the streets at right angles
- the kitchen was placed in a corner of the courtyard and the ground floor contained storerooms and well chambers
46
what type of weights did harrappan people use
cubical stone weights
47
what was the basic unit of weight in harrappa
16, larger weights were multiples of sixteen and smaller weights for fractions of 16
48
list 3 modes of transport in harappa
ships, boats and carts
49
give 4 types of arts and crafts in the civilization
sculpture, dress, ornaments, toys and amusements
50
give 3 points on sculpture in the harappan civilization
- Harappan artists were skilled sculptors
- the statue of a bearded man and the statue of a dancing girl are popular sculptures found
- Sculpture in metal was done through the special lost wax process
51
Describe the lost wax process in 3 points
- Wax figures were covered in clay.
- The wax was melted which created a hollow mould.
- The mould was filled with molten metal which took the shape of the original object,
52
describe the clothing of the harappan people in 2 points
- men used to wear a dhoti as depicted on a potsherd and a shawl as depicted on the sculpture of a bearded man.
- women worse a skirt and used a clock, discovery of needles and buttons showed that some of their clothes were stitched.
53
talk about the ornaments in the harappan civilization in 2 points
ornaments were worn by men and women
| - they were made of gold, silver, precious stones and ivory
54
give 3 examples of ornaments used
necklaces, finger-rings, bangles
55
give 2 ways people entertained themselves in the civilisation
people played dice
| people went on hunting and fishing expeditions
56
what were the 2 main instruments of the harappan people
drum and the lyre
57
list the 4 causes of the decline of the civilization
Floods and earthquakes, increased aridity, deforestation, attack
58
list 3 points on flood an earthquakes as a cause of decline
- Some scholars believe that floods in mohenjo-daro let to the abandonment of that settlement
- They have infered this from the fact that the streets were covered with silty clay left by flood waters.
- Such flooding could not be the result of normal flooding, earthquakes might have raised the level of the flood plains.
59
list 2 points on increased aridity as a cause of decline
- According to some historians, the harappan civilisation declined due to increased aridity and drying up of the river ghaggar
- The sutlej stream was captured by the indus river and the yamuna joined the ganges, this left the ghaggar waterless
- The ecological disturbances due to increased aridity led to the decline.
60
List 2 points on deforestation as a cause of decline
- Lots of wood was required to produce bronze as the civilization was a bronze age civilization as well as stoneware, boats and furniture
- As lots of woods was being cut it could have led to climate change,
61
List 2 points on attack as a cause of decline
- Some historians that the aryans destroyed indus settlements.
- According to mortimer-wheeler men and women and children were massacred in mohenjodaro as is evident from the skeletons of 13 males and females and one child lying in a room.
62
who founded the mauryan empire
chandragupta maurya
63
how did chandragupta maurya create the mauryan empire, 3 points
- He organised a large and powerful army and laid the foundations.
- He overthrew the nandas from magadha and the greek satraps from the north-west frontier
- He unified a large part of the indian subcontinent under his centralised government.
64
Briefly list 2 things ashoka did after the kalinga war
- He devoted his life to human welfare.
| - He built many marvels in art and architecture
65
what are the literary sources of the mauryan empire
Arthashastra and indika
66
list 4 points on the arthashastra
- It is the most important literary source on the mauryans.
- It is written by kautilya.
- It is written in sanskrit and has been translated to english now
- It is a manual which deals with political topics like politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of administration etc.
67
who is kautilya what are his other names
- He is the advisor and prime minister of chandragupta
| - He is also called chanakya and vishnugupta
68
list 3 points on indika
- Megasthenes wrote the Indika
- It contained his impressions of what he heard and saw during his time in india.
- The original indika has been lost but its fragments still survive the in the writings of other greek authors.
69
who is megasthenes
Greek ambassador at the court of chandragupta sent by Seleucus
70
what are the 2 archaeological sources of the mauryan empire
edicts of ashoka and sanchi stupa
71
what is an edict
a decree issued by a sovereign
72
give 4 points on the edicts of ashoka
- They form the most important source of mauryan history.
- They are the oldest best preserved and precisely dated records of india.
- These edicts are inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the country and include 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillar rock edicts and a number of minor rock edicts.
- The inscriptions on these edicts provide a insight into the life and ideals of ashoka and mauryan history.
73
give 4 points on the sanchi stupa
- The sanchi stupa was laid by ashoka at sanchi, about 45km from bhopal
- There are 4 gateways with carved panels which depicted events from the life of buddha.
- Buddha is represented by symbols like the lotus or a wheel.
- The pillars contain sculptures of lions
74
Give 2 points on stupas in general
- The buddhist stupa represents the spiritual body of buddha containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones.
- - A casket containing these relics are placed at the base of the dome.
75
where did chandragupta mee kautilya
takshila
76
why did chandragupta join hands with kautilya
because they were both wronged by the nandas
77
give 4 points on chandraguptas reign
- After a long series of battles, the nanda capital of pataliputra fell and the mauryan dynasty was created
- Alexander the great ruled many states in the north west of india after his death, the territories were taken over by chandragupta
- after some time, india was again attacked by seleucus, a former general of alexander, chandragupta defeated seleucus.
- Chandraguptas empire extended from kabul and kandahar to mysore, bengal and saurashtra
78
List 3 points on the treaty between alexander and seleucus
- Chandragupta got kabul, kandahar, herat and baluchistan
- Seleucus gave his daughter helen in marriage to chandragupta
- Chandragupta appointed pushyagupta as the governer of his north-western province
79
give 3 points on the kalinga war
- After ascending the throne, ashoka fought the kalinga war
- The ruler of kalinga had a powerful army and ashoke faced tough resistance.
- Both sides suffered heavy losses but kalinga suffered the most losses.
80
list and explain 4 consequences of the kalinga war
- Kalinga changed ashokas personal life, he stopped hunting and eating meat
- The prisoners of war were used in agricultural work which brought about economic prosperity.
- Ashoka embraced buddhism and followed some buddhist principles in his state policy like non-violence
- As war was abandoned, military preparedness and efficiency was declined.
81
talk about pan indian character in 3 points
- seleucus handed chandragupta the 4 provinces of kabul, kandahar, herat and baluchistan
- Bindusara established his rule over the south of india and ruled the whole of india.
- The fact that chandragupta spent his last years in karnataka speaks volumes about the all india character of the mauryan empire
82
list 4 chief advantages of the pan-indian character
- it marked the end of small states
- helped in establishing foreign trade links
- helped mauryan kings face foreign aggression
- after ashoka ended conquests and wars, social and economic life of people was paid more attention to
83
list 4 changes in administration which ashoka implemented
- ashoka added a fifth province, kalinga
- the centralised monarchy was turned into a paternal despotism
- ashoka simplified many rigorous administrative practices regarding taxation and crop collection which increased productivity and economic activity.
- Ashoke appointed (mahamatras) governors to look after the welfare of his subjects
84
list the 7 aspects of civil administration
central government, provincial government, district administration, administration of cities, the revenue system, the spy system, military administration
85
give 3 points on central government
- the mauryan government was managed by several officers of different ranks but the king was the supreme authority and his throne was hereditary
- ashoka appointed mahamatras to look after welfare of the people
- the king was assisted by the council of ministers (mantri parishad) headed by the prime minister, each minister was in charge of his own department.
86
list all the 10 important officers of central government
```
chief of state (purohit)
senapati- advised king on matters related to war and peace
sannidhata- head treasurer
samaharta- taxation expert
accountant general
in charge of agriculture
superintendent of mines
superintendent of ports
controller of commerce
superintendent of weights and measures
```
87
who was the head of provincial government
kumar or aryaputra (only princes)
88
who assisted the head of provincial government
mahamatras
89
list the 3 officers other than mahamatra in the provincial government and their job
Pradeshika- collected taxes
rajuka- performed functions of revenue officer
yukta- treasurer
90
what were the provinces divided into
districts called janapadas
91
who looked after the administration of janapadas
pradeshika, rajuka and yukta
92
what is the head of the city called
nagaradhyaksha
93
who looked after the administration of pataliputra
committee of 30 members
94
give 3 points on the revenue system
- land revenue was the chief source of income in the mauryan empire, it was one sixth to one fourth of the produce
- the bali and bagha are the two types of taxes mentioned, bhaga was levied on agricultural produce and cattle at the rate of 1/6, bali was a religious tribute
- state provided facilities like hospitals and roads from the revenue collected.
95
list the 5 types of taxes,
| `
```
Bali
Bagha
toll tax imposed on articles on sale
taxes on liquor shops and gambling houses
taxes from forests and mines
```
96
give 2 points on the spy system
- chandragupta maurya had a wide network of spies, there were spies against the spies and on important matters more than one spy was sent
- the king was kept informed on the working of the bureaucracy
97
what was the strength of the mauryan military
600,000 infantry, 30000 cavalry, 9000 war-elephants and 8000 chariots
98
what were the main weapons used by the mauryans
bows, arrows, shields, swords etc.
99
give 4 points on military administration
- The king was the commander in chief of the army
- the whole army was under a military commission of 30 members
- The soldiers were paid salary in cash
- Forts were built at strategic places for the safety of the empire.
100
what is dhamma according to ashokas edicts
a common code of conduct
101
list 4 principles of dhamma
ahimsa
respect for elders and love for children
he disapproved empty rituals
he taught people to respect all religions
102
list and explain 4 impacts of dhamma on ashokas imperial policy
religious unity: people followed a policy of religious tolerance
moral values: people started living a moral life
end of crimes: crime rates where heavily reduced
public welfare: dhamma helped officials undertake public welfare and public schemes which resulted in prosperity.
103
what is the sangam age
the period when bulk of tamil literature was composed by a body of tamil scholars and poets in three successive literary gatherings called sangam.
104
who attended the first sangam and what happened to the works from it
Gods and legendary sages, all its works have perished
105
what attended the 2nd sangam and what did it produce, which book survived from it
Several poets, it produced a large mass of literature but only tolkappiyam survived
106
what is tolkappiyam
the oldest book of tamil grammar
107
who attended the third sangam and what did it produce
poets, it produced vast literature
108
what is the theme of sangam literature
the wars and heroic deeds of the cheras, pandyas and cholas.
109
what are the 2 primary sources of the sangam age
tirukkural and megaliths
110
which is one of the most celebrated works of the eighteen minor works
tirukkural
111
who wrote tirukkural
tiruvalluvar
112
who is tiruvalluvar
tamil poet and philosopher
113
what is tirukkural considered as
a compound of the teachings of the dharamashastra, arthashastra and the kamasutra,
114
what is the tirukkural comprised of, give 3 points
- It comprises a series of proverbs on many aspects of life
- it is a collection of tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters
- each chapter has a specific subject and it preaches simplicity and truth
115
what are the three section the chapters of the tirukkural are grped into, give their meanings
aram- righteousness
porul- wealth
inbam or kamam- pleasure
116
what are megaliths
box-like structures erected with the stone slaps resting on each other
117
what did megaliths act as
burial sites or commemorative memorials
118
what does more than one skeleton in a megalith indicate
indicated that people belonging to the same family were buried in the same place at different time periods
119
why were stone circles or boulders placed on the surface of megaliths
they served as sign posts to find the burial site
120
what did megaliths contain other than skeletons
grave goods like pottery and iron objects
121
what is the significance of grave goods in megaliths- 2points
- they provided a useful insight into the life of people during the sangam age
- religious beliefs of the megalithic people can also be inferred for examples the presence of tridents in the graves show faith in lord shiva
122
which 4 castes has the tolkappiyam mentioned
brahmanas, kings, traders, farmers
123
describe brahmanas in the sangam age, 2 points
- The brahmanas were a respectable and learned community who performed their cast duties scrupuously
- they served the king sometimes as judicial officers and always as priests and astrologers
124
what were the 5 duties of vaishyas
learning, performing sacrifice, making gifts, agriculture, protection of cows and trade
125
describe vellalars in 3 points
- aristocrats who cultivated wetlands
- had close associations and held high positions of office
- they also carried out trade
126
what were the 5 areas in the anthologies and who lived there
Hilly areas- hunters and gatherers
parched zone- inhabitants lived by plunder and cattle lifting
pastoral tract- inhabitants worked on shifting agriculture and animal husbandry
wet land- inhabited by people working on plough agriculture
littoral land- inhabited by those dependant on fishing and salt extraction
127
give 2 points on food in sangam age
- grain meat and fish formed the chief articles of food, with vegetables milk and milk products
- grain was converted into flakes and appam soaked in milk was a luxury
128
what did women in high society wear
they used corsets and hair past
129
who were ornaments worn by
both sexes
130
what did children wear
necklace of tiger teeth
131
list 4 forms of entertainment in the sangam age
- music and dance
- cock fighting and goat fighting
- gambling
- wrestling
132
List 3 types of women in sangam society
- married women who had settled down as housewives
- female ascetics belonging to buddhist or jain tradition
- courtesans
133
list 2 pros women has in society sangam
- freedom of movement
| - provided with good education
134
who introduced marriage rituals and ceremonies
aryans
135
list 4 features of sangam economy
- Economy during sangam age was simple and self sufficient
- people were industrious and believed in living well by earning wealth
- Sangam literature points to the existence of both the wealthy and poor in society.
- The wealthy people included kings and those who surrounded them, the poor were either the farm and casual labourers or wandering minstrels.
136
what was the main occupation in the sangam age
agriculture
137
what was the main crop in sangam age
rice
138
what did the state do in agriculture
they undertook construction of embankments and canals for irrigation
139
what was chera country noted for in terms of agriculture
jackfruit, pepper and turmeric
140
what was chola country known for in terms of agriculture
in chola country a piece of land yielded much paddy
141
give 4 points on other occupations in sangam age
Spinning and weaving were the 2nd most widely practiced crafts
Spinning and weaving of cotton and silk had reached a high level of perfection
Spinning was the part time occupation of women
ship-building, metal working, carpentry and rope making were also widely practiced
142
how was most of trade in sangam age carried about
barter
143
which was the most commonly accepted medium of exchange in sangam age
paddy
144
how was merchandise carried
caravans of merchants with carts and pack-animals carried their merchandise
145
what were angadi
established markets in big towns
146
what were the centres of foreign trade in sangam ag
port cities
147
what were some commodities which were in great demand in foreign markets
pepper, ginger, cinnamon, ivory, pearls, cardamom
148
what did the gold and silver coins from the roman empire indicate
extent of trade
149
what is the periplus of the red sea
Describes navigation and trade of the roman empire
150
name 3 indian ports which are named in the periplus
naura, tyndis, muziris
151
name 3 important ports and their location sangam
saliyur- pandya
bandar- chera
puhar
152
what is a constitution
It is a comprehensive document containing the set of rules that describe the rights and duties of its citizens and the manner according to which the governance of a country is to be carried out.
153
what does a constitution regulate
the three organs of the government, the legislative, the executive and the judiciary
154
what is the aim of a constitution
to ensure smooth governance for the welfare of its citizens
155
Give 3 points on the implementation of the consitution
- C. Rajagopalachari became governer-general replacing lord mountbatten
- The constituent assembly became the provisional parliament until the new general elections were held
- Dr. Rajendra prasad who was the president of the constituent assembly took over as president of the indian union
156
Give 3 points on the significance of january 26
- January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first independence day
- January 26, 1950 was chosen for commencement of the consitution
- At the lahore session of congress held in december, 1929 a resolution was passed which declared poorna swaraj or complete independence
157
What does single citizenship mean
It means that all indians irrespective of the state of their domicile are citizens of india
158
Why does single citizenship exist
This has been done to ward off separatist tendencies and promote fraternity and unity
159
what did the citizenship act 2003 grant
Dual citizenship to all the PIOs who migrated to countries after Jan 26, 1950.
160
What priviliges do PIOS have
All privileges of an indian citizen other than right to vote
161
What does Universal adult suffrage mean
This means that all persons above 18 years of age and above have the right to vote irrespective of their caste, colour, religion etc.
162
What is the joint electorate (2 points)
according to this system resident voters have to vote for the same candidate irrespective of his caste or creed
- Some seats are reserved for candidates from scheduled castes and tribes, people from such constituencies have to vote for candidates of that area
163
What is the aim of joint electorate
To curb communal politics and foster communal harmony.
164
what are fundamental rights
Basic human rights which provide the conditions essential for the all round development of a human being.
165
List and briefly explain the right to equality in 4 points
- Equality before law - guarantees both equality before law as well was equality in protection by law irrespective of economic status, caste, color, creed, religion or sex, practicing any kind of discrimination on these accounts makes it a punishable offence.
- Equality of opportunity- Provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment under central or state government
it also allows reserving posts in favour of scheduled castes and tribes.
- Abolition of untouchability- Abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form, Any person preventing someone from entering a place of public worship or using a public well, transport system etc. can be punished by law
- Abolition of titles- abolishes all titles like Rai Sahib, Maharaja etc. these titles are considered a negation of equal status for all, titles such as bharat ratna given for meritorious achievements are not covered.
166
list 4 aspects of right to freedom
Six basic freedoms and limitations
Protection in respect of conviction for offences
protection of life and personal liberty
protection against arrest and detention
167
what are the 6 basic freedoms
Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
Freedom to form associations and unions
Freedom to move freely throughout india
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of india
Freedom to practice any profession, trade or business
168
List 3 limitations of right to freedom with brief explanation
Emergency: Basic freedoms can be suspended during emergency
Not absolute: The security of state and national interest being of most priority , reasonable restrictions could be imposed on the implementation of the right to freedom
Laws of parliament: Legislations like Preventive detention, Essential services maintenance act impose certain restrictions on right to freedon
169
list 3 points on protection in respect of conviction for offences
The following protections are available:
Against greater penalty than what is prescribed under law is prohibited
-No one can be punished or prosecuted for the same offence twice
-A person cannot be compelled to be a witness in the case where he himself is accused for the offence
170
in one point explain protection of life and personal liberty
A person cannot be deprived of his life and liberty except in accordance with the law
171
explain protection against arrest and detention in 2 points
These rights are given under 2 circumstances:
- Ordinary circumstances: In the case of arrest under ordinary circumstances the arrested person has the following rights
(a) To be informed of their offence
(b) to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hrs from the time of arrest
(c) the right to consult a lawyer and prepare for defence at the trial
- Preventive detention: In this case the person has these following rights
(a) Preventive detention is only a precautionary measure
(b) Detention beyond 3 months can be extended only by an advisory board with a judge of high court
(c) Grounds of detention have to be specified and the detainee should be informed of the same, they have the right to make representation against the detention order
172
list 2 limitations of protection against arrest and detention
- Public interest- The authority of the state can take recourse to public interest and refuse to disclose the grounds of detention
- Power of the parliament- The parliament has the power to specify the maximum period of preventive detention
173
list 3 points on right against exploitation and explain
- Freedom from slavery, beggary or other forced labour
- Trafficking in human beings- Buying and selling of humans is prohibited and so is the use of women or girls for immoral purposes
- Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 in factories, mines and other dangerous occupations
174
list 3 points on right to freedom of religion
- All persons are entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate their religion
- No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion
- No religious instruction shall be provided in any institution wholly maintained out of state funds
175
give 2 points on cultural and educational rights
1. Gives people the right to preserve their language script and culture
2. In the matter of admission to any educational institute maintained by the state, admission cannot be denied on the grounds of religion, colour, caste, creed or sex
176
list 5 important writs
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Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Writ of prohibition
Writ of certiorari
quo warranto
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177
give 2 points on habeas corpus
- It means 'to have the body'
| - By issuing this writ the high court or supreme court can get anyone released if they have been unlawfully detained.
178
give 2 points on mandamus
- means 'we order'
| - It is a command from a superior court to a lower or an administrative authority to perform a duty
179
what is writ of prohibition
An order issued by a superior court to a lower court to stop proceedings in a case which might exceed its jurisdiction.
180
what is writ of certiorari
Issued by a superior court to a judicial authority desiring to know what is going on.
181
give 2 points on quo warranto
- means 'by what order'
- Is issued when a person has usurped any office, thus preventing public officers from forcibly or wrongly holding a high public office.
182
Give 3 points on right to constitutional remedy
- Dr. Ambedkar described it as the 'heart and soul of the constitution'
- This right is given to citizens to move supreme court for the enforcement of other fundamental rights.
- Under this, the supreme court and high courts are empowered to issue writs
183
what does right to education state
"The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine"
184
give 2 points on check on arbitrary actions of the state
- provides for judicial review of all legislations in india
| - constitution has empowered the state to make valid exceptions to the rights
185
list the 11 kinds of fundamental duries
To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institution
to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom
to uphold and protect the sovereignty unity and integrity of india
to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of india
to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
to protect and improve the natural environment
to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform
to safeguard public property and to abjure violence
to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity
it is the duty of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years
186
List 3 cities which were important centres for metallurgy
Mohenjo daro, harappa, lothal
187
List 2 towns which provided cotton
Lothal and surkotada
188
List 2 towns which were centres of bangle making
Balakot and chanhudaro
189
List 2 towns which where centres of manufacutre of beads
Lothal and chanhudaro
190
Which was the ancient name given to the indus by mesopotamia
Meluha
191
Name 2 trading stations which lay between mesopotamia and meluha
Dilmun and makan
