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NRS 503 > Exam Evidence Informed Decision Making > Flashcards

Exam Evidence Informed Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need evidence infomed decisin making

A

So we dont carry out treament based on asking others only
Contraversy around a procedure
Not sure about best course of treatment
Unexpected patient outcomes
When patients suggest prefers treatment

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2
Q

What research method is positivist and deductive

A

Quantative

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3
Q

What research method tests hypothesis

A

Quantitative

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4
Q

What reasearch method has big number

A

Quantitative

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5
Q

What research method is objective and casual relationships

A

Quantitative

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6
Q

What research method is interpretive and humanistic

A

Qualitative

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7
Q

What research method is an inductive process and advances theory

A

Qualitative

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8
Q

What research method can knowledge be constructed in social/historical context

A

Qualitative

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9
Q

What research method is based on fact

A

Quantitative

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10
Q

What reseach method is based on pragmatic criteria

A

Qualitative

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11
Q

What research method is non experumental

A

Qualitative

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12
Q

What research method is exploratory/examine phenomena

A

Qualitative

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13
Q

What research method is useful to explore patient/staff experice

A

Qualitative

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14
Q

What research method is used to gain undertanding of heath issues

A

Qualitative

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15
Q

What research method draws themes from data collection and iterperates them to give meaning

A

Qualitative

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16
Q

What research method is less ridid

A

Qualitative

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17
Q

What research method has random contolled trials

A

Quantitative

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18
Q

What research method is quasi experimental

A

Quantitative

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19
Q

What research method is case control

A

Quantitative

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20
Q

What research method is cohort study

A

Quantitative

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21
Q

Hierarchy of evidence is quantitative

A

1) systematic reveiws
2) clinical trials
3) observational studies
4) case reports, case series
5) anecdotal findings, opinions, ideas

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22
Q

Hierarchy of evidence qualitative

A

1) generalisable studies
2) conceptual studies
3) descriptive studies
4) single case studies

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23
Q

Evidence informed decision making benefits

A

Improve patient care
More effective yse of resources
Improve health overall
Lessen gap between effective reseach and practice
Improved info for patients
Professional development/attitudes of enquiry
Drive practice development
Opportunity to identify further areas of research

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24
Q

Evidence informed decision making barriers

A

Time
Inability to access research
Inability to understand language
Lack of critical apraisal skills
Lack of confidence in making change based of research evidence
Lack of sense of control over practice
Cultural resistance to change

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25
Q

What components does evidence informed decison making miss within evidence based practice

A

Use of clinical expertise in decision making
Integration of the patients desires

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26
Q

What tool is used for formulating a question for searching in quantitative research

A

PICO(T)

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27
Q

What tool is used for formulating a question for searching in qualitative research

A

SPIDER

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28
Q

What does PICO(T) stand for

A

Population/problem, intervention, comparrison, outcome, timeframe

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29
Q

What does SPIDER stand for

A

Sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type

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30
Q

Databases to use

A

CINAHL
AMED
cochrane
JBI
medline
NICE
open grey
Internurse

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31
Q

Whats truncation

A

A searching technique
A word ending is replaced by a symbol (atrisk , qmark ?, dollar $)
E.g. nurs (nurse, nurses, nursing, nursed)

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32
Q

What are wildcards

A

A searching method to look for alternative spellings
E.g. hospitali*ation (hospitalisation and hospitalization)

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33
Q

What ate the boolean terms

A

AND, OR, NOT

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34
Q

What does AND do (boolean)

A

Decreases the search (fines fewer)

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35
Q

What does OR do (boolean)

A

Increases the search (finds more)

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36
Q

What does NOT do (boolean)

A

Excludes things - use carfully

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37
Q

What limiters can you apply when searching

A

Dates
Age ranges
Publication type (journal article, review)
Counrty
Language
Author
Study design (RCT, systematic reveiw)

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38
Q

Can adding limiations to searches be seen as an increasing bias?

A

Yes

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39
Q

What research method is interested in peoples experiences, perceptions, thoughts, ideas

A

Qualitative

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40
Q

What are paradigms

A

Ontology, epistemology, methodology

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41
Q

What is ontology

A

What is the truth/reality

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42
Q

What is epistemology

A

What and how can i know reality/knowledge
How can we find out about it

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43
Q

What is methodolgy

A

What procedure can we use to aquire knowledge
How do we find out what we ate looking for? What data is required?

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44
Q

What are methods used for in reasearch

A

To know What tools can be used to acquire knowledge

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45
Q

What are sources in research

A

What data can we collect

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46
Q

When would you use research methods (qualitative)

A

Captire personal experiences and develop deeper understanding
Explore new contwct
Explore and understand a particular phenomenon
Develop a theory to explain an existing process
Intensive study of an individual/event
Verify something that is taking place in a real world setting
Evaluate a practice ot approach

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47
Q

What are qualitative methodologies

A

Ethnography
Narrative inquiry
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Case study
Generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptivw studies

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48
Q

What does ethnography focus on (qual)

A

Understanding context or culture
Why people behave the way they do

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49
Q

What data collection is ethnography (qual)

A

Observation or interveiws

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50
Q

What is emic etic is ethnography (qual)

A

Emic - insiders veiw
Etic - observers veiw

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51
Q

What does narrative inquiry focus on (qual)

A

Individual experice or sequence
What the story of the person is
How an individual makes sense of events in thwir life
What elements ate being emphasised (why they are telling it in that way)

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52
Q

What data collection us used for narrative inquiry (qual)

A

Stories from individuals or documents

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53
Q

What does phenomenology focus on (qual)

A

People who have experienced a phenomenon (Lived experience)
Understand peoples perspective, perception, experiences or understandings

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54
Q

What data collection is used for phenomenology (qual)

A

Interveiws

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55
Q

What does grounded theory focus on (qual)

A

Develop a theory from grounded feild data
More objective way of conducting research
Generating a theory from data
Theoratical sampling (endorse or refuse categories)

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56
Q

What data collection is used in groundwd theory (qual)

A

Interveiws and generating concepts and themes

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57
Q

What does a casw study focus on (qual)

A

Individual or event
Hollistic understanding in real world case
Useful in gaining knowledge about experience

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58
Q

What data collection is used in case studies (qual)

A

Interveiws, documents, reports or observations

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59
Q

What does generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptive studies focus on

A

Straightforward description to capture elements of an experience or situation

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60
Q

What data collection does generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptive studies use

A

Interviews, focus groups, open surveys

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61
Q

What reseach method would have a sample that is purposive or purposeful

A

Qualitative
(Picking out people who know alot about what you’re studying)

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62
Q

What reseach method would have a sample that is theoretical

A

Qualitative
(Talk to the person who most likely to give us info if our theory fits or not)

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63
Q

What reseach method would have a sample that is snowball

A

Qualitative
(Studying population thats hard to reach, hard to find participants)

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64
Q

What reseach method would have a sample that is maximum variation

A

Qualitative
(Trying to understand a phenomenon from a range of perspectives)

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65
Q

What reseach method would have a sample that is convenience

A

Qualitative
(Pragmatic approach, talking to someone thats in a particular place at a particular time)

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66
Q

How long do you sample data fir in qualitative research

A

Until data saturation/theoratical saturation

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67
Q

What reseach methods are used in qualitative data collection

A

Interviews
Participat observation (ethnographic studies)
Focus groups
Texts, documents, field notes, stories

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68
Q

Whats an interactive process

A

When new insight is gained that warrants deeper exploration

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69
Q

What process is data analysis in qualitative research

A

Inductive process - generating/understanding knowledge from data

Interactive process

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70
Q

When can data analysis in qualitative research happen

A

During data collection and after

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71
Q

What is reflexivity in qualitative

A

Point out our perspective
Knowledge and experience of researcher is valued but needs to be clear this didnt affect the data

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72
Q

What is triangulation in qualitative

A

Using more than 1 method/source of data
Looking at different ways of understanding behaviour
Looking ar different perspectives
Looking at things from different angles

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73
Q

Whst are critical appraisals

A

Asking questions of tye study
How was it conducted

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74
Q

What research meathod is a scientific approach

A

Quantitative

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75
Q

What research meathod is bu augste comte

A

Quantitative

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76
Q

What research meathod is positivism

A

Quantitative

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77
Q

What research meathod emphasises the use of s scientific method through observation

A

Quantitative

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78
Q

What research meathod tests hypothesis

A

Quantitative

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79
Q

What research method explains and predicts what, where, why, how and when phenomena occurred

A

Quantitative

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80
Q

What is quantitative research

A

Positivist, deductive, test hypotheses
Numbers, objectiv, casual relationships
True beilfe corresponds to fact

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81
Q

What research method has a high number of participants

A

Quantitative

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82
Q

What are the types of research methodologies in quantitative

A

Random contolled trials
Quasi-experimental
Case control
Cohort study

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83
Q

What is randomised conrolled tiral (quant)

A

Scientific experiment with random assigned participants
Gold standard
Looks at a treatment/prevention can be efficiently and objectively tested

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84
Q

What type of quantitative research has trial arms

A

Random conrolled trials

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85
Q

What type of quantitaive reswarch used blinding and why

A

Random conrolled tirals
Wo they dont know the type od treatment

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86
Q

What is single blinding

A

The patient has no idea what type of treatment they are receiving

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87
Q

What is double blinding

A

The patient and investigator don’t know what type of treatment is being received

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88
Q

What is tripple blinding

A

The patient, investigator and the person responsible for analysing the data don’t know the type of treatment

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89
Q

What does tripple blinding ensure

A

That data analysis is as objective as possible and further reduces the influence of the placebo effect

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90
Q

What is quasi-experimental in quantitative research

A

Non randomised
Manipulation of the independant variable
Can include comparison of groups

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91
Q

What is case contol (quant)

A

Compres groups
Someone that has the disease to soemone that doesnt
Looks back retrospectively to compare potential exposure and frequency to identified risk factor

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92
Q

What type of quant research identifies the relationship between the risk factor and the disease progression

A

Case control

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93
Q

What is cohort study (quant)

A

Samples a group of people are defining characteristics
Doing the same thing at the same time
Studying them for a long period of time (can be longitudinal)

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94
Q

What are survey designs

A

Obtain information from a large number of respondents
Aims to answer questions about prevalence, distribution and into relationships of variables

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95
Q

What do survey designs get information about

A

Practices
Opinions
Attitude/belief
Knowledge
Characteristics of groups/people

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96
Q

What do survey designs not look at

A

They answer whether one thing affects another but doesn’t look to see what’s causing it

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97
Q

What types of surveys are there (quant)

A

Longitudinal and cross-sectional

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98
Q

What are longitudinal surveys

A

Over a period of time

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99
Q

What are cross-sectional surveys

A

At a single point in time (most common)
Usually based on self report data collected face-to-face, by telephone, post, Internet

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100
Q

When sampling, what do probability methods do (quant)

A

Increase the representativeness of the sample
Sample is obtained randomly

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101
Q

What are the four probability methods when sampling

A

Simple random systematic, stratified, cluster

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102
Q

What are simple random probability methods (quant)

A

Research are randomly selected elements from sampling frame

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103
Q

What are systematic probability methods (quant)

A

Research selects every kth element from sampling frame

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104
Q

What are stratified probability methods (quant)

A

Researcher creates subgroups then randomly selects elements from each subgroup

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105
Q

What are cluster probability methods (quant)

A

Researcher randomly select clusters then randomly selects elements from selected clusters

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106
Q

What is non-probability when samping (quant)

A

Not every element of the population has an opportunity to be selected
Can decrease the representatives of a population

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107
Q

What are the 2 non-probability methods when sampling (quant)

A

Convinience (accidental)
Quota sampling

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108
Q

What is convenience in non-probability (quant)

A

Subjects happened to be in the right place at the right time to be recruited

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109
Q

What is quota sampling in non-probability (quant)

A

Like convenience sampling with added feature – a strategy to ensure inclusion of likely to be underrepresented if just convenience sampled i.e. ethic, minorities, female, elderly, rich, poor

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110
Q

What are the types of data collection in quantitative

A

Experiments,
clinical trials,
surveys,
questionnaires (closed questions)
Interviews (if collecting numerical data e.g.scales) (or using closed ended q’s that count data)
Data is collected and record it systematically – aids computer/data sheet and true

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111
Q

What type of research results in a numerical value

A

Quantitative

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112
Q

Where do you put data analysis (quant)

A

Excel spreadsheets, Microsoft access, SPSS (statistical package for social sciences)

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113
Q

What do you measure in quantitative

A

Variables: qualities, properties or characteristics of persons, things and situations that change and vary

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114
Q

What is an independent variable (quant)

A

A stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable (can be called the treatment of experimental variable) 

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115
Q

What is the dependent variable (quant)

A

The response, behaviour or outcome that the researcher wants to explain or predict. Changes within the dependent variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable

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116
Q

What is the dependent variable in this example

“ oxygen delivery via nasal cannula of up to 6 litres per minute doesn’t affect oral temperature“

A

Temperature

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117
Q

What is the independent variable in this example

“ oxygen delivery via nasal cannula of up to 6 litres per minute doesn’t affect oral temperature“

A

Oxygen as it’s administered at 2, 4 or 6 litres per minute

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118
Q

What type of variables are there

A

Categorical variable
Binary variable
Nominal variable
ordinal
continuous
Ratio

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119
Q

What are categorical variables

A

Made up of categories i.e. species – dog, cat, human, fruit bat

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120
Q

What are binary variables

A

Two distinct types of things, (male or female)

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121
Q

What are nominal variables

A

Data such as ethnicity, marital status for diagnosis. No one thing is higher than another

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122
Q

What is ordinal variable

A

Designed to rank the data, can be defined i.e. pain score 1-3

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123
Q

What is continuous variable

A

Provides a score for a person e.g. age, number of pets, number of siblings 

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124
Q

What is ratio variable

A

Temperature, height, weight

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125
Q

What is odds ratio

A

Likelihood of someone doing something in comparison to something

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126
Q

What is descriptive statistics (quant)

A

Describes and summarises the data
Percentages mean, median, mode

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127
Q

what is the mean

A

Implies an average

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128
Q

What is the median

A

The mean of the two middle numbers

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129
Q

What is the mode

A

the value that appears most often

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130
Q

What is standard deviation (quant)

A

How much the participants in the group differ from the mean of group i.e. disperation of the data around the mean

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131
Q

What do inferential statistics determine

A

Types of data collected determine which group of statistical tests to use
Parametric
Non parametric

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132
Q

What is used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups

A

Inferential statistics

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133
Q

What is parametric

A

Normally distributed interval or ratio data

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134
Q

What is non parametric

A

Non-normally distributed interval or ratio data
ordinal or normal data

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135
Q

What does hypothesis suggest (quant)

A

That an affect will be present
Denoted by H1

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136
Q

What does null hypothesis suggest (quant)

A

States the effect is absent
Denoted by H0

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137
Q

What is the conventional clutter in P values (quant)

A

0.05 or 5%

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138
Q

What does it mean if P value is greater than 0.05 (quant)

A

Results are not statistically significant and there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis

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139
Q

What does it mean if the P value is less than or equal to 0.05

A

Results are statistically significant and there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis

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140
Q

What does P<0.05 mean

A

Less than p

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141
Q

What dues P>0.05 mean

A

More than P

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142
Q

What Are P values

A

Computing probabilities to evaluate evidence
Illustrates a statistically significant difference between results

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143
Q

What are confidence intervals

A

Sit within a normal curve

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144
Q

What is good for critiqing

A

CASP
JBI

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145
Q

Whats bias in quant

A

Numbers can say exactly what you want to see:
- respondant (how people respond to data)
- social desirability (survey answers)
- habituation
- sponsor
- culture
- question order
- leading q’s and words used
- the halo affect
- sources of bias (sample selection, size, analysis of results)

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146
Q

What is validity (quant)

A

Approximate truth of conclusions

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147
Q

What is internal validity (quant)

A

Relevant studies considering casual relationships

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148
Q

What is external validity (quant)

A

Approximate truth of conclusions that include generalisations

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149
Q

There are well defined steps in the evidance based practice process that require new skills to be developed. What do these skills include

A

Constructing clinical questions
Searching for research
Evaluating clinical literature

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150
Q

Whats a bias

A

Anything in the design ir undertaking of yhe study that causes an untruth to occur in the study potentially affecting its outcome

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151
Q

What is single blinding

A

Where the research particupant doeant know which arm of the Study they are allocated to

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152
Q

What is double blinding

A

Where the research participant and researchers don’t know which arm of the research the participant is allocated to

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153
Q

What’s another word for blinding

A

Masking
Blinding is usually used in randomised controlled trials

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154
Q

Whats bracketing

A

The process where the researchers put their preconceptions about a topic to one side to allow them to explore the topic as if they were naive about it

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155
Q

What type of research can bracketing be used in

A

Phenomenological research

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156
Q

What does causality mean

A

Cause and effect

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157
Q

Whats a closed question

A

A question that allows for a limited response such as a yes or no answer

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158
Q

What’s confounding mean

A

This occurs when alternative explanations for an outcome in the study are not accounted for

Confounding variables are always independently associated with both the exposure and outcome being measured 

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159
Q

What does control arm mean

A

The arms of a randomised controlled trial intervention studies not applied

Allows us to be sure that will be studied causes the outcome they ate measuring

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160
Q

Whats a convenience sample

A

A sample of individuals who are easily accessed

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161
Q

Whats correlation mean

A

A relationship between two variables.

162
Q

Whats a positive corrrelation

A

Positive correlation occurs in situations when a rise in the independent variable causes an increase in the dependent.

163
Q

What is negative correlation

A

I’m negative correlation occurs when a rise in the value of the independent variable causes a decrease in the dependent

164
Q

What is credible/credability

A

A term used in qualitative research to suggest that the research undertaken answers what it was set out to answer because of the quality of the way in which the research has been done

165
Q

Whats critical appraisal

A

The structured and thoughtful examination of the quality of something

166
Q

Whats data saturation

A

The point during the data collection for qualitative study at which no more new ideas or observations are emerging from the people being studied

167
Q

Whats deductive mean

A

Research that sets out to prove an existing idea or hypothesis. The research sets out to explore the truthfulness of the original idea

168
Q

Whats a dependant variable

A

The outcome variable of the study that occurs as a result of the independent variable having occured 

169
Q

Whata descriptive statistics

A

Statistics used to describe the frequencies and patterns of numbers within the dataset

170
Q

Whata emic mean

A

Taking the insiders view
Seeing the world from someone elses point of veiw 

171
Q

Whats empirical mean

A

The notion of discovering new things using the research different methods 

172
Q

What’s epidemiology mean

A

The study of diseases and their treatments from a population perspective

173
Q

Whats epistemology mean

A

The philosophy of knoweldge

174
Q

Whats equivalence study

A

Comparative studies that compare a new treatment to the current best treatment rather than placebo

175
Q

Whats ethnography/ethnographic study mean

A

The study of cultures, beliefs and practice of a group

176
Q

Whats etic mean

A

The outsiders veiw of something

177
Q

Whats experimental mean

A

A way of testing hypothesis through comparison

178
Q

Whats fixed cohort mean

A

The name guven to one of the groups in an experimental atudy recruited according to set criteria which are ot changeable later in the study

179
Q

Whats gatekeeper mean

A

Someone from withing a group who helps a researcher gain access to the group in order to undertake a study

180
Q

What’s generalisability mean

A

The ability of the findings of a study to be extrapolated to the wider population

181
Q

Whata grounded theory mean

A

A systematic qualitative research methodology whuch generates a theory of understanding of a phenomenon

182
Q

What’s hawthorn effect

A

Occurs when people respond in the manner in which they belive they should when confronted by a researcher asking questions

Can bias a study

183
Q

What’s hypothesis mean

A

An idea that quantitative research sets out to prove

184
Q

Whats incidnece mean

A

The number of instances of an event, the number of times something occurs in a given period of time

185
Q

What does independent variable mean

A

The casual variable in the study, which may be manipulated. May be referred to as the exposure

186
Q

Whats inductive mean

A

The process of developing a theory or hypothesis by first collecting and examining the evidence and seeint whete this leads

187
Q

Whats inferential statistics mean

A

Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the level of association between two or more variables in a study

188
Q

Whats inter-rater reliability mean

A

Ability of a research tool to show the same rating when used by more than one person

189
Q

Whats interventional mean

A

Generally applied in quantitative research when an intentional intervention us applied to research subject in order to measure the effect of the intervention

190
Q

Whats iterative mean

A

A sort of trail and error approach where each attempt at doing something learns fromt the previous attempt, so that a clear and uaeful mentod for undertaking the task emerges

191
Q

Whats median mean

A

The middle value of an ordered set of observations

192
Q

Whata member checking mean

A

The process of checking the interpretation of the content of the interview with focus group with the participant to establish the trustworthiness or validity of the understanding the researcher has come about

193
Q

Whats menatal capacity mean

A

The ability to retain and understand the information needed to make a decision

194
Q

Whats meta analysis mean

A

The process of collecting the statistics of a number of studies and reanalysing is as one data set

195
Q

What’s methodologies mean

A

The broad approach to research that provide the general framework of the enquiry

196
Q

What are methods

A

The tools used to collect data during the research process e.g. a questionnaire

197
Q

Whats mixed methods research

A

Research which uses a variety of methods to collect data and an attempt to increase validity and reliability

198
Q

Whats mode mean

A

The most frequent occuring number in a data set

199
Q

Whats non experimental mean

A

Research which does not use a comparison to test cause and affect

200
Q

Whats non maleficence mean

A

The ethical principal of avoiding doing harm

201
Q

Whats null hypothesis mean

A

A term whereby a hypothesis is posed as the opposite of what the researchers actually expext to find

202
Q

What afe observational studies

A

Studies that involve observation, which in quantitative research is usually quite structured and qualitative research much less so

Does not involve an intervention on the part or the researcher

203
Q

Whats a paradigm

A

The pilosophical position that is taken within the research

204
Q

Whats peer reveiwed mean

A

A common practice in good quality journals whereby aubmitted articles are reveiwed by suject experts for their accuracy

Peer reveiw is usually undertaken without the identity of research are being disclosed to the reviewers to avoid bias

205
Q

Whats prevalence mean

A

The amount of cases of disease in a given population over a specific time

206
Q

Whats phenomenology mean

A

A qualitative research methodology which seeks to understand an experience from the point of veiw of someone experiencing the phenomenon of interest

207
Q

Whats placebo mean

A

An inactive form of treatment used as a comparison in experimenta involving new treatments or interventions

208
Q

Whats probaiblity mean

A

A term uswd in inferential statistics
A measure of the likelihood of something occurring by chance

209
Q

Whats probability sampling

A

Sampling that given everyone in the study population the samw chance of bwing selected for the study, as long as they meet the inclusion criteria. When large enough thia type of sampling can produce results that ar generalisble to the population ftom which the sample is taken

210
Q

Whats prospective mean

A

Going forward in time

211
Q

Whata purposive mean

A

A qualitative research something method where people are chosen for inclusion because they need the purpose of the research. This means they have experience of the phenomenon being studies 

212
Q

Whats randomised controlled trail mean

A

A specific form of experiment that us used in the clinical setting in order to compare the usefulnessor two or more intervention

213
Q

Whata range mean

A

The difference between the largest and smallest onservations of a data set

214
Q

Whata recall bias mean

A

Bias that occurs when individuals in a study have to rely on their memory in order to answer certain questions

215
Q

Whata reflexivity mean

A

The conscious engagement on the part of the research are in being open to and expressing his or her own biases and opinions that may affect the carry out and interpretation of the research

216
Q

Whata relevance mean

A

In qualitative research, this refers to the extent to which the findings of the study might be applied outside the context of the original research

217
Q

Whata representative mean

A

The amount of similarity between a study sample and the population from which it is drawn 

218
Q

Whats research process mean

A

A structured approach to asking a research question that is them addressed in a methodical, structured way

219
Q

Whats responce bias

A

Bias that occurs when individuals respond to a question in a study in a certian way because they think the answer they are giving is ahat the researcher wants to hear

220
Q

What’s retrospective mean

A

Looking back in time

221
Q

Whata rigour mean

A

A term used in qualitative research that suggests the research process has been undertaken in a well thought out, well explained and transparent manner

222
Q

Whats sampling bias mean

A

Bias that occurs when the selection of a sample for a study may exclude certain groups of people in a systematic manner.

223
Q

Whata selection bias mean

A

Bias as a result of an action occurring on one side of the study and not the other

224
Q

Whata semi structured interview mean

A

An interview that is partially guided using something like a tapic guide or a list of predetermined questions

225
Q

Whats sensitivity mean

A

A measure of the ability of a test to detect a positive result when a result is in truth positive

226
Q

Whats subjective mean

A

A word use to demonstrate that people see the world in different ways, from their own personal perspective

227
Q

What’s systematic reveiw mean

A

A review of literature on a given topic which is undertaken using a defined process covering a predetermined number of years of the literature

228
Q

What’s tacit knowledge

A

A knowledge so deeply embedded, they often forget they have it. It is known to people within a group and does not need explanation within the context of that group, but may be unknown to outsiders

229
Q

Whats theoratical sampling

A

A method of sampling that occurs as research is built new series and ideas from the data they have collected and testes theories by interviewing more subjects to see if the new series still holds true

230
Q

What theory uses theoretical sampling

A

Grounded theory

231
Q

What’s theory mean

A

An understanding about an issue that has been derived by collecting evidence

232
Q

Whats transferability mean

A

The applicability of qualitative research findings to other similar situations

233
Q

Whats transcript mean

A

An interview transcript would be written words providing an account of the word spoken during the interview

234
Q

Whats triangulation

A

The use of more than one methodology or method for the collection of research data and an attempt to increase the validity and reliability of a study

235
Q

Whats an unstructured intweveiw

A

An interview that is conducted with you, if any guided questions. This type of interview is usually exploratory and nature

236
Q

Whats validity mean

A

The ability of a method to measure what it is supposed to be measuring

237
Q

Whats variable mean

A

Something that varies. An example of a variable in a population might be age

238
Q

What dors authenticated mean

A

Checked for accuracy

239
Q

What is the indication that experts in the feild have critiqued the quality of a research paper before publication

A

Peer reveiw

240
Q

A summary or condenced version of a research report is what

A

The abstract

241
Q

Why do researcher conduct a reveiw of relevant literature

A

To get a picture of what is known and not known about a problem

242
Q

Qual or quant:
The prevalence of depression in nursing home

A

Quantitative

243
Q

Qual or quant:
Predictors of length of stay in hospital following a total hip replacement

A

Quantitative

244
Q

Qual or quant:
A lived experience of parental caregivers of a dying child

A

Qualitative

245
Q

Qual or quant:
The meaning of hope for patients waiting for a doner organ

A

Qualitative

246
Q

Qual or quant:
Surviving covid-19: insiders perspective

A

Qualitative

247
Q

Qual or quant:
Demographic factors that contribute to risk taking behaviours in low income adolescents

A

Quantitative

248
Q

What best describes the importance of including confidence intervals with research results

A

They indicate potential clinical significance when results are not statistically significant

249
Q

What does this statement describe

“ these are used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups“

A

Inferential statistics

250
Q

Whata a cohort study

A

Medical research used to investigate The causes of disease, establishing links between risk factors and health outcomes

251
Q

What are ethics 

A

Ways of understanding and examining moral life, or of the right and wrong human conduct

252
Q

What is research ethics

A

Providing a guideline or set of principles that support researchers in conducting research so that it is done justly and without harming anyone in the process

253
Q

What’s the difference between maleficence and nonmaleficence

A

Maleficence is deliberately causing harm and non-maleficence is avoiding causeing harm 

254
Q

What types of possible harm are there

A

Physical
Psychological (research bring up bad memories cause upset)
Social and economic (damage abilty to earn or work)
Legal

255
Q

Whats beneficence mesn

A

Doing good

256
Q

What justice mean

A

How fair something is

257
Q

What’s competence mean

A

Ability to do something

258
Q

What do you need to make sure in consent 

A

that its volontary

valid consent

259
Q

What is valid consent (3 elements)

A

Enough Information to make a decision
Person concenting must have capacity
Must be no duress to make a deicsion

260
Q

What’s the standard of concent required in law in the UK

A

Valid consent

261
Q

Why is anonymity important

A

Cansel protect privacy say that research participants can reveal information that cannot be identified to them

262
Q

Whats Confidentiality

A

The principle of keeping secure and secret from others, information given by or about an individual in the course of a professional relationship

263
Q

Breaches of confidentiality resunt in 

A

Harm to research participant e.g. psychological and social harm

264
Q

Doparticipants have the right to withdraw

A

Yes, is consistent with the principle of voluntary participation, participants must know that they can withdraw from the research and have their data already recorded removed from the analysis where possible

265
Q

Whats autonomy

A

The right for an individual to make their own choice

266
Q

What tests cause and affect

A

Randomised control trial

267
Q

Whats the difference in quasi experimental and randomised controlled tiral

A

There is no ramdomiszation in quasi experimental

268
Q

Whats interperativism mean

A

Qualitative
Understanding and interpretation of the meaning of human behaviour

269
Q

Whats pragmiatism

A

Merging positivist and interpretivist pillosophies

270
Q

Whatdors pragmatism reject

A

Subjectivism and objectivism and acknoledges that different or conflicting theories and perspectives can be valuable in comprehending the world

271
Q

Whats is is called when neither quantitative and qualitative methods alone will deliver sufficiant findings

A

Pragmatism

272
Q

Mixed method approaches (4)

A

Explanatory sequantial
Explotatiry sequential
Parallel
Multphase

273
Q

Wants a explanatory sequential

A

Do quantitative part first then qualitative part second

Qualitative data helps explain quantitative data

274
Q

Whats exploratory sequential

A

Do qualitative first then quantitative second

Qualitative data informs quantitative

275
Q

Whats parallel

A

Qual and quant are collected and analysed concurrently (at same time)

Focus group findings support findings from a survey to give greater understanding

276
Q

Whats multiphase

A

Data collection from quant and qual perspectives

Numerous projects conducted over a period of time

Followed by synthesis of all the data

277
Q

What are the benefits of using mixed methods research

A

There can be a boosting of the strength and a lessening of the weaknesses of individual methods of inquiry

278
Q

What are the limitations of mixed method research

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Researcher has to learn mutiple methods (difficult yo find a researcher with skill on both)

Methodological purists believe that a reacher should choose one pradigm

MMR approached ted to dwell within positivism (quant)

279
Q

What ate the 3 essential elements of valid consent

A

Capacity
Enough info upon whcih to make a decision
Absence of duress

280
Q

Name 2 UK based organisations that provise advice and guidence on ethics in research

A

Research ethics service
NMC

281
Q

What is the standard of consent required in law in the UK

A

Valid consent

282
Q

What are beauchamp and childress’s 4 ethical principles

A

Autonomy
Non maleficence
Beneficence
Justice

283
Q

What must be done before any research in healthcare settings or on patients, or tissue is carried out

A

National and local ethics committees must be approached and their advice and approvals sought and gained

284
Q

Researchers Who failed to gain ethical approvals and carry out on ethical research may face disciplinary action from who?

A

The law
Professional bodies
Employers

285
Q

Why is anonymity of participants important in research 

A

It enables participants to give full and frank responses to questions posed by researchers and still be protected from potential harm caused by them been identified

286
Q

What sort of information might reasonably be considered as confidential

A

Any or all of info of a personal, intimate ot sexual nature

287
Q

What stratagy does mix methods employ

A

Mixed methods research approach employs different data collection methods within one study in order to address the research questions and objectives

288
Q

What does pragmatism mean

A

Merging of positivist and interperativist philosophies

289
Q

What data does pragmatism publish

A

It only published the interpretivist data

290
Q

Explanatory sequrntial means doing data collection which way round

A

Quantitative then qualitative

291
Q

Ehat does triangulation in mixed methods research mean

A

Where there is a covergence of the results which increase their validity and minimises bias

292
Q

Mixed methods research allows what

A

Deeper exploration of diverse viewpoints and perspective

293
Q

Thematic analyisis includes what

A

P values
Inferential statistics
Coding

294
Q

Thematic analysis doesnt include what?

A

Measurments

295
Q

A nurse wants to explore the working culture in an accident and emergency department, which research methodology would be best suited to this study

A

Ethnography

296
Q

Whats is the most likely consequence of implementing evidence based practice

A

The highest quality of carr and best possible outcomes are more likely to be achieved

297
Q

Why might data collected from qualitative research be considered less important than data obtained from randomised controlled trails

A

The findings from qualitative research are not usually generalisable

298
Q

Qualitative and quantitative research approaches have differnt underlying assumptions. Identified a key assumption made when undertaking qualitative research

A

Qualitative research is generally based on inductive reasoning

299
Q

What does exploratory sequential mean in mixed methods research

A

Quantitativr research is undertaken first and this then informa the quantitative data collection

300
Q

What type of clinical question would best be answered by positivist research designs

A

Questions about clinical outcomes

301
Q

What is not a main function of evidence based practice, in terms of NMC standards regarding fitness to practice

A

Evidence based practice ensures clinical guidelines are always followed

302
Q

What is the most important reason for using the framework such as SPIDER to formulate clinical questions

A

It increases the likelihood that the best evidence will be identified quickly and efficiently

303
Q

What research design allows us to observe the same participants over a period of time

A

Longitudinal survey

304
Q

What kind of bias is due to errors and systematic differences in relevant characteristics, between those that are included in a study and those who are not

A

Selection bias

305
Q

How is statistical significance established at the outset of a research study

A

By agreeing on the level of the P value to be used when analysing the results

306
Q

What best describes the importance of including confidence intervals with research results

A

They indicate potential clinical significance when results are not statistically significant

307
Q

What test would be used to demonstrate association between nominal variables

A

ANOVA

308
Q

what is most likely to reduce the likelihood of successfully implementing research findings into practice

A

Failing to identify appropriate stakeholders

309
Q

What sort of bias is of concern with survey analysis

A

Sampling bias 

310
Q

If you are measuring height as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Ratio

311
Q

If you are measuring humans as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Categorical

312
Q

If you are measuring dogs as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Categorical

313
Q

If you are measuring women as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Binary

314
Q

If you are measuring maried people as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Nominal

315
Q

If you are measuring ethnicity as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Nominal

316
Q

If you are measuring pain score as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Ordinal

317
Q

If you are measuring number of siblings as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Continuous

318
Q

If you are measuring age as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Continuous

319
Q

If you are measuring number of pets as part of the study what kind of data would be collected

A

Continous

320
Q

Whats dors KTA stand for, when discussing frameworks for translation into practice

A

Knowledge to action framework

321
Q

The PARIHS framework examines the interaction between 3 key elements for knowledge translation, these are?

A

Evidence, context, facilitation

322
Q

What’s are the barries to change

A

Psychological, organisational, resource, staff information and skill set

323
Q

Knowledge translation means

A

A broad paradigm to adress some of the challenges in translating evidence to practice and start closing the “know-do” gap

324
Q

The strengths of the PARIHS framework are what?

A

It promotes diagnostic analysis, helps select implementation strategy and emphasises successful implementation

325
Q

Whats does knowledge translation mean

A

A way to adresss some of the challenges in translating evidence into practice and start closing the “know-do” gap

326
Q

What might be a barrier to how we want to change something in clinical practice

A

Psychosocial barriers
Resorce barriers (lack of)
Organisational barriers
Satff info and skills deficits

327
Q

Whts are the psychosocial barriers to change

A

Attitudes
Belifes
Values and previous experience effecting practice
Individual willingness to change

328
Q

Whats ate the resource barriers to change

A

Lack of required tools
Lack of equipment
Lack of Staff needed to achieve change
Lack of time

329
Q

What atr organisational barriers to change

A

System and process that creates organisational culture unresponsive to change

330
Q

Whats are staff information and skills deficits barriers to change

A

Lack of knowledge regarding current recommendations and guidelines ot results of clinical research
Lack of skills in accessing and applying research findings

331
Q

What are the human factors that influence professional behaviour

A

Work flow
The pace of work
Ones peers
Managers in the clinical area/organisation
Culture of the workolace
Communication flow and awareness
Comfort zone

332
Q

How knowledge translation changes behaviour

A

Untick old habits
Collaborative planning
Feeback
Persistnece
Facilitation
Evidence base
Culture

333
Q

What ate the steps in a knowledge translation model

A

Awareness
Agreement (come to an agreement)
Adoption (people adopt onto it)
Adherence (keeping to it)

334
Q

Whats PARIHS stand for

A

Promoting action on research implementation in heath servives

335
Q

Where does evidnece based practice come from

A

Research
Clincial experinece
Patient experience
Local information

336
Q

Whats would be weak research evidence (PARIHS)

A

Anecdotal evidence, descriptive

337
Q

Whats would be strong research evidence (PARIHS)

A

RCT, evidence based guidlines

338
Q

What would be weak clincal experience (PARIHS)

A

Divided expert opinion, limited tacit knowledge

339
Q

What would be strong clincal experience (PARIHS)

A

Expert consensus, practical ‘know-how’ is explicit

340
Q

What would be weak patient experience(PARIHS)

A

Patients not involved

341
Q

What would be strong patient experience(PARIHS)

A

Patient partnership

342
Q

What would be weak local information (PARIHS)

A

Irrelevant to the area of practice, inconsiderate of local priorities

343
Q

What would be strong local information (PARIHS)

A

Relevant to practice area, considers local priorities

344
Q

What do you consider in the context of evidence

A

Culture
Leadership
Evaluation

345
Q

What is a weak culture (context PARIHS)

A

Task driven, low staff morale

346
Q

What is a strong culture (context PARIHS)

A

Patient centred, innovative practitioners, openness to learning

347
Q

What is a weak leadership (context PARIHS)

A

Inefficient organisation, dispersed roles

348
Q

What is a strong leadership (context PARIHS)

A

Clearly defined roles, effiecient organisation

349
Q

What is a weak evaluation(context PARIHS)

A

Absent or limited audit and feedback

350
Q

What is a strong evaluation(context PARIHS)

A

Routine and well received audit and feedback

351
Q

What are facilitators (PARIHS)

A

Facilitators help people understand what they have to change and how to change it to achieve the desired outcome

352
Q

What is a weak purpose (facilitation PARIHS)

A

Low respect, limited credability, lacking empathy

353
Q

What is a strong purpose (facilitation PARIHS)

A

High respect, cedible, demonstrates empathy

354
Q

What is a weak role (facilitation PARIHS)

A

Lack of clarity in role

355
Q

What is a strong role (facilitation PARIHS)

A

Clear and concise role

356
Q

What is a weak style (facilitation PARIHS)

A

Erratic, chaotic, inflexible

357
Q

What is a strong style (facilitation PARIHS)

A

Flexible, consistent

358
Q

Key to successful implementation (PARIHS)

A

strong evidnece relevent to context
Strong leadership and facilitation

359
Q

PARIHS framework strengths

A

Promotes diagnostic analysis
Helps select implementation strategy
Emphasises successful implementation

360
Q

PARIHS framework weaknesses

A

Lack of conceptual clarity and specificity
Difficult to operationalise
How to define successful implementation

361
Q

Whats KTA stand for

A

Knwoledge to action framewrok

362
Q

Whats are the 2 framewoks to use to implement reserach into parctice

A

The knowledge to action framework (KTA)
PARIHS framework

363
Q

What is transferable

A

Qualitative

364
Q

What is generalisable

A

Quantitative

365
Q

What subjective

A

Qualitative 

366
Q

What research design does the research I have an influence

A

Qualitative

367
Q

What does methodology mean

A

What type of qual/quant research am I going to use

Study design best suited to questions

368
Q

What does methods mean

A

What and who is involved
How will we get this knowledge

369
Q

What does ontology mean

A

The science for study of being 

370
Q

What’s epistemology mean

A

The theory of knowledge

371
Q

What research is theoretical

A

Qualitative

372
Q

What does Peer review allow

A

Allows us to have info that is rigour(trustworthy)

373
Q

What research is positivism

A

Quantitative

374
Q

What research design generates theory

A

Qualitative

375
Q

What research design tests hypothesis

A

Quantitative

376
Q

Whats inductive mean

A

Generates theory

377
Q

Whsts deductive mean

A

Tests hypothesis

378
Q

What research design uses statistical tests

A

Quantitative

379
Q

What research design uses text based analysis

A

Qualitative
E.g. thematic analysis

380
Q

What’s grounded theory do

A

Developing theory based on results youve found

381
Q

What looks back retrospectively

A

Case control

382
Q

What bias is survey analysis

A

Sampling bias

383
Q

Whsts selection bias

A

Dont use randomisation to select sample

384
Q

What bias looks at data and analyses

A

Sampling bias

385
Q

What is ordinal

A

Descriptive info not neumerical

386
Q

What is continuous

A

Numerical

387
Q

What is nominal

A

Describing something

388
Q

What is ratio

A

Numerical
Can have minus numbers

389
Q

Whats binary

A

On and off

390
Q

Whsts descriptive statistics

A

Descriving the data infront of you e.g. percentages, mean, median, mode

391
Q

What’s inferential statistics

A

Using observed differences between groups to show statistical significance

392
Q

What statistics can be clinically small

A

Statistical significats

393
Q

What are cinfidence intervals

A

The confidence you have that a result will lie between a pre determined range of value

394
Q

Whats cohens koppa coefficient

A

Measured inter-rater reliability
E.g. performing GCS, assessing is agreement is by chance

395
Q

Whsts standard deviation

A

Where something lies within the distribution of that population

(How far away from the mean the set of results are)

396
Q

What tyoe of distibution would height in the room is 6ft 5

A

Narrow distribustion

397
Q

Whats non parametric mean

A

Doesnt fit into distribution curve

398
Q

Got a theory and select sample on what that theory is

A

Theoratical (qual)

399
Q

What’s reliability mean

A

Dependability (quant)

400
Q

Whats internal validity mean

A

Cerdability (quant)

401
Q

Whats generalisability mesn

A

Transferability (quant)

402
Q

What compares someone who has the disease to someone who doesnt?

A

Case control

NRS 503 (1 decks)

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