Exam Final Collective

Question 1

a posteriori knowledge

Answer 1

Something known as a result of an experience

Question 2

a priori knowledge

Answer 2

A something that is known prior to, or without, necessary experience

Question 3

abduction

Answer 3

making a probable conclusion from what you know.

Question 4

What are the three tests for truth?

Answer 4

Correspondence, coherence, pragmatic.

Question 5

Fallacy

Answer 5

An error in reasoning

Question 6

Philosophy

Answer 6

Is nothing less than taking a carefully critical and questioning view of the world

Question 7

What are the truths?

Answer 7

Synthetic, Analytical, Necessary

Question 8

Induction

Answer 8

reasoning that involves getting a gerneral conclusion from specific observations.

Question 9

Sound argument

Answer 9

A deductive argument that is valid and has only true premises.

Question 10

Valid argument

Answer 10

(Deductively valid) an argument that follows established truth preserving rules.

Question 11

Class Definition for Philosophy

Answer 11

Love for wisdom.

Question 12

Class Definition for Wisdom.

Answer 12

Knowledge rightly applied.

Question 13

List and define four (4) topical divisions of philosophy.

Answer 13

Metaphysics - What is Real?
Epistemology - What is Reasonable?
Ethics - What is Good?
Aesthetics - What is Beauty?

Question 14

List the four (chronological) periods of philosophy in order & their area of interest.

Answer 14

Ancients - Ontology
Medievals - Theology
Moderns - Epistemology
Post-Moderns - Language

Question 15

What are three (3) skills needed for Philosophy?

Answer 15

1. Analysis
2. Assessment
3. Argument

Question 16

Components of an Argument

Answer 16

Form and Content

Question 17

What are the three major types of logic discussed in class?

Answer 17

Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive.

Question 18

What are the 2 Major Divisions of Metaphysics?

Answer 18

1. What is the nature of reality?
2. What are the basic ways of being?

Question 19

Materialists

Answer 19

The world, at its base, is only made of physical stuff

Question 20

Immaterailists

Answer 20

The world is ultimately organized, so the world is ultimately laws.

Question 21

Monist

Answer 21

That which makes up the universe is reducible to a single item

Question 22

Pluralist (Dualist)

Answer 22

That which makes up the universe is reducible to many (two) items

Question 23

Cosmology

Answer 23

The study of the universe

Question 24

Cosmogony

Answer 24

The study of the origins of the universe

Question 25

Virtue

Answer 25

The means by which the good is reached.

Question 26

What are the 4 Socratic Virtues?

Answer 26

Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice.

Question 27

Artistotle divided the virtues into what two categories?

Answer 27

Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues

Question 28

Plato's Major Contribution

Answer 28

Was foundational in establishing the integrated philosophical enterprise.

Question 29

What, according to Plato, are the two metaphysical components?

Answer 29

Form & Matter

Question 30

Aristotle was the first to ______________________ in philosophy.

Answer 30

Distinguish branches of inquiry

Question 31

What are the four Aristotelian Causes?

Answer 31

MATERIAL CAUSE, EFFICIENT CAUSE, FINAL CAUSE, and FORMAL CAUSE

Question 32

What are the five Aristotelian Powers of the Soul?

Answer 32

NUTRITIVE, APPETITIVE, SENSITIVE, LOCOMOTIVE, and RATIONAL

Question 33

What are the seven functions of the mind?

Answer 33

1. Memory 2. Language 3. Imagination 4. Will 5. Reason 6. Percieves 7. Emotions

Question 34

________ and ________ had a famous disagreement concerning the nature of space and time.

Answer 34

Newton and Leibniz

Question 35

Leibniz's _______ can be created or destroyed but not by any "natural" means.

Answer 35

monads

Question 36

Animism

Answer 36

Everything is alive

Question 37

Teleology

Answer 37

We all have a purpose and goal.

Question 38

Ontology

Answer 38

The study of being.

Question 39

Pantheism

Answer 39

Everything is God

Question 40

Empiricism

Answer 40

the philosophy that demands that all knowledge, comes from experience.

Question 41

Rationalism

Answer 41

the philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason,

Question 42

Locke says our minds begin as a...

Answer 42

blank slate

Question 43

List Locke’s three (3) categories of mental content

Answer 43

Sensation, ideas, and quality

Question 44

____________ and ____________ believed that there are no substances.

Answer 44

Berkeley and Hume

Question 45

Effect

Answer 45

A result or outcome caused by a particular action or event.

Question 46

Cause

Answer 46

The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs.

Question 47

Perception

Answer 47

A kind of knowledge, sense experience.

Question 48

List the order of the philosophers left to right. (PDLBHKN)

Answer 48

Plato --> Descartes --> Locke --> Berkeley (Top), Hume (Bottom) --> Kant --> Nietzsche

Question 49

What are the four justifications for forming a true belief?

Answer 49

Normative answers Naturalistic answers Skepticism Virtue epistemology

Question 50

Hume takes _________________ to be the central idea of all reasoning

Answer 50

causation

Question 51

Descartes contribution

Answer 51

Descartes contribution to philosophy was establishing rationalism and the foundational principle of modern philosophy. He coined the statement “Cogito, ergo sum,” which means “I think, therefore I am.”