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Evolution > EXAM FOCUS > Flashcards

EXAM FOCUS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the criteria for selection to act and population to evolve

A

Genetic/phenotypic variance

Heritable

Non-random fitness advantage

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2
Q

what did peter and rosemary grant determine about the medium ground finch

A

the beak sizes influences the efficiency of eating different types of seeds

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3
Q

what happened to beak size in droughts

A

the birds evolved larger beaks bc only harder, woody seeds are available

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4
Q

what are Hermaphrodites

A

they self-ferilize and reproduce sexually but dont create genetic variation

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5
Q

what is sexual female reproduction?

A

between the opposite sex

creates genetic diversity

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6
Q

what is asexual female reproduction

A

between the same sex

does not contribute to genetic diversity

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7
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages:
Combining beneficial mutations

generating novel genotypes

genetic diversity

Diluting harmful mutations

Disadvantages:

contribute to only 50% of gene from one parent while asexual contribute to 100%

Cost of search

Lower relatedness of offspring

risk of sexually transmitted disease

combining harmful mutation when inbreeding is high

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8
Q

why is anisogamy

A

results in differential investment in reproduction such as egg and sperm size difference

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9
Q

what is female limitations for reproduction?

A
  • limited fecundity (limited number of offspring they can produce)
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10
Q

what is the limitation for male reproduction?

A
  • limited number of mates
  • they have uncertain paternity
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11
Q

what is operation sex ratio? (OSR)

A

ratio of males to females capable of reproducing at a given time

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12
Q

what happens to the OSR when theres a slower rate of reproduction by females?

A

it leads to male biased OSR causing more males to compete for limited number of fertilized females. Intense male-male competition

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13
Q

what is intrasexual selection?

A

armaments which are weapons used to outcompete other individuals

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14
Q

what is intersexual selection?

A

ornaments that are attractive traits that increase mating success

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15
Q

how does males maximize their fitness?

A

By mating with multiple females and maintaining their OSR

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16
Q

What are examples of intersexual selection in the females perspective?

A

Sexual Dimorphism. The more colorful males are can be attractive because it indicates good health and fitness and is a dominant trait

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17
Q

what happens when the ORS is male biased?

A

There will be more male-male competition causing the male mortality rate to increase

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18
Q

what are direct benefits for females to select their males

A

By food, nest sites, protection, help raising young, reduced risk of mating with male in poor condition

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19
Q

what are indirect benefited for females to select their males

A

the genetic quality of the offspring, alleles that have good ornaments

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20
Q

what does costly ornanments can signal honesty mean?

A

it suggests that they have superior genes and have a good health to maintain their ornaments

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21
Q

what are the types of mating systems?

A

monogamy
polygyny
polyandry

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22
Q

what is monogamy

A

one male pairs with one female and mate with them only no cheating

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23
Q

what is polygyny?

A

males mate with multiple females

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24
Q

what is polyandry?

A

females mate with multiple males

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25
Q

why does mating system evolve?

A

they evolve because of the benefits and costs they have on females and males

26
Q

what does polyandry benefit?

A

females select for male traits that increase paternity leading to sperm competition among males

27
Q

what is sexual conflict?

A

traits that causes a fitness benefit on one sex at a cost to the other sex. Coevolve antagonistically

28
Q

why are sex ratios balanced?

A

the production of each sex is favor when rare

29
Q

What is the drivers-willard hypothesis

A

mothers alter sex ratios depending on condition in a polygynous species

females in good condition produce males

females in poor condition produce females

30
Q

how can some species switch sex

A

in a particular fish, the largest female switchs to male and has monopoly on paternity

31
Q

what is genomic imprinting

A

silences gene expression by methylation by one parent

32
Q

what is mother hypothesis?

A

risk of reproduuction at older age selects for reduced fertility

33
Q

what is grandmother hypothesis?

A

loss of fertility shifts investment to grandchildren, increase in fitness

34
Q

what are ways to identify species?

A

biological species concept

phylogenetic tree concept

ecological species concept

35
Q

what are isolating barriers?

A

geographic and reproductive

36
Q

what are geographic isolating barriers?

A

a landscape prevents gene flow. ex a blockage
- causes allopatry

37
Q

what are reproductive isolating barriers?

A

organisms that prevent interbreeding
- causes sympatry

38
Q

what are premating barriers?

A

timing of reproduction

39
Q

what is gametic incompatibility?

A

sperm or pollen from one species fail to penetrate and fertilize egg

40
Q

why does hybrids have low fittness

A

it can cause hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, ecological inviability, and behavioral sterility

41
Q

what is Bateson-dobzhansky-muller incompatibilities

A

they arise from epistatic interactions of two or more loci

42
Q

what is reinforcement

A

natural selection favors prezygotic isolation mechanism

43
Q

what is parapatric speciation?

A

partial geographical barrier that seperates populations

44
Q

what is biogeography

A

study of the distribution of species across space and time

45
Q

what is dispersal?

A

movement of populations form one region to another

46
Q

what is vicariance?

A

formation of geographic barriers to dispersal that divide a once continuous population

47
Q

what are the three evolutionary faunas

A

cambrian, paleozoic, and modern

48
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. an alternate lineage

49
Q

what is punctuated equilibria?

A

periods of stasis punctuated by brief periods of rapid change

50
Q

what is gradualism

A

slow, gradual morphological changes over time

51
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a wide variety of forms

52
Q

what happened during the cambrian explosion?

A

the ecology of the ocean changed giving rise to new species. evolving a new genetic toolkit, novel body segmentation and body parts. O2 levels increased and new ecological interactions

53
Q

what is background extinctions?

A

the normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota

54
Q

what is mass extinction?

A

a significant increase above background extinction rate

55
Q

what are the big five mass extinction events?

A

ordovacian-silurian, late devonian, permian, triassic-jurassic, cretaceous-tertiary

56
Q

what caused ordovacian extinction

A

ice sheets fall in sea level and changed ocean chemistry making 85% marine life extinct

57
Q

what caused the late Devonian mass extinction

A

increase of temperature changes in sea level , 75% of all species went extinct worst in shallow marine

58
Q

what caused the permian mass extinction

A

asteriod impact and eurptions from volcano caused methane to release leading to climate change, sea level flunctiations, and drop in oxygen concentrations

59
Q

what caused triassic jurassic mass extinction

A

climate change, central atlantic flood, basalt euptions, asteirod impacts. 80% of all species went extinct, most marine reptiles, large amphibians, corals and mollusks

60
Q

what caused the cretaceous tertiary mass ext

A

flood basalt euptions, climate change and decrease in sea level. finished off with a large asteriod. Extinction of Dinos and flowers

61
Q

what causes antropocene extinction

A

overharvesting, land-use, invasive species, toxicity due to pollution, climate change

62
Q
A

Evolution (3 decks)

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