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Sustainable Development > Exam: Forest and Agriculture > Flashcards

Exam: Forest and Agriculture Flashcards

(37 cards)

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1
Q

Primary vs Secondary forest

A

Only 36 % of forest area are primary forests

Primary forest = intact natural forest remained unmodified by human activity for … a long time (temperate 60-80 yrs, tropical 400-500 yrs)

Secondary forest (or second-growth forest) = re-grown after timber harvest (when the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident)

It is distinguished from an old-growth forest (primary or primeval forest), which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early seral forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests.

Forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from regrowing after natural disturbances such as fire, insect infestation, or wind throw. Dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. However, often after natural disturbance the timber is harvested and removed from the system, in which case the system more closely resembles secondary forest rather than complex early seral forest.

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2
Q

FAO

A

FAO:

Forest and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

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3
Q

FAO’s four Sustainability Indicators for forests:

A

FAO’s four Sustainability Indicators for forests:

  1. Ecosystem condition and productivity
  2. Sustainability forest management
  3. Maintaining ecological integrity and biodiversity
  4. Economic and social benefits

Forests’role in international climate work:

  1. Carbon
  2. Demand for land
  3. Way forward for forest and land
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4
Q

FAO definition of a forest

A

Forest’ is:

  • a minimum area of land of 0.05-1.0 ha
  • tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10-30 per cent
  • trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 2-5 meters at maturity

It is not only defined by tree coverage but also by other land-use in the same area.

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5
Q

hectare to m2

A

1 ha = 100x100 m = 10 000 m2

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6
Q

FRA

A

FRA:
Forest Resources Assessment

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015
Sustainability indicators FRA* 2015 :
1. Ecosystem condition and productivity 
2. Sustainability forest management 
3. Maintaining ecological integrity and biodiversity 
4. Economic and social benefits
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7
Q
  1. Ecosystem condition and productivity
A
  • Change in forest area
  • Natural and planted forest area change
  • Partial canopy cover loss and forest degradation
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8
Q

Share of land-use:

A 
[%]
Land: 29, Ocean: 71
Land:
Habitable land: 71
Habitable:
Agricultural: 50, Forest: 37
Agricultural:
Livestock: 77, Crop: 33
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9
Q

Global forest land cover:

A

1700: 40%
2015: 35%
Much was lost between 2000 and 2015

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10
Q

Gain and loss of forest:

A

Gain in richer countries

Loss in porer/developing countries

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11
Q

Sustainable Forest Management (4):

A 
• Long term planning 
• Forest management plans 
• Forest management certification 
- Independent verification 
• Forest monitoring and reporting
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12
Q

Maintaining ecological integrity and biodiversity:

A
  • Conservation and protected areas
  • Biomass and carbon stock changes
  • Protection of soil, water and environmental services
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13
Q

The Cropland Conversion Program (China):

A

Background:
• halt soil erosion in the Loess Plateau
• protect down-stream rivers (hydro-power)
• re-vegetated China
Implementation:
• convert slope to forest and grassland
• provide grains and money as compensation until 2008
(•Compensation to land users for 8 yrs)

Cropland Conversion Program:
• Massive policy (40 billion US dollars)
• Total 20 million ha all provinces
• 7.2 million hectares of former agricultural land
- Shaanxi Converted most land, 0.82 million ha of former agricultural land

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14
Q

Socio-economic function of forest resources:

A 
• Economy 
◦ Employment 
◦ Values generated through processing 
◦ Energy 
◦ Trade 
• Cultural 
◦ Spiritual 
◦ Recreational 
◦ Indigenous and community 
◦ Traditional knowledge
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15
Q

Forest ownership in 2010:

A

Public: 76%
Private: 20%
Unknown: 4%

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16
Q

Rough approximation of carbon reservoirs:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Land 2000 - 4000 (?) [Pg]
  • Ocean 40 000
    ( - Rock (magma) 1 200 000
  • Fossil fuels 5000 - 10 000
  • Atm. ca 840 today (?) annual increase 6 Pg
17
Q

Approximate Carbon fluxes (to and from atm):

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A
  • Land 120 +-
  • Ocean 80 +-
  • Rocks 0.4 +-
  • Fossil fuels 10 + !
18
Q

CO2 concentration in atmosphere:

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A
  • 410 ppm
  • current increase of 2 ppm/year
  • Has stayed quite steady bellow 400 ppm for millions of years before.
19
Q

Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation:

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A

Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation:
• 12 % (uncertainty at 50 %) of human induced emissions –1.2 (1.4) Pg C/yr

Key points: 
1. Deforestation matters 
2. Depending on methods and data 
– different results 
3. Fossil fuel use is the real problem
20
Q

Change in forest carbon stock 1990-2015:

amount of carbon

Study These Flashcards
A

Carbon content in rich countries and temperate forests are increasing.

Carbon content in poor countries and tropical forests are decreasing faster.

Tropical forest have higher carbon content than temperate.

Sum: Total amount of carbon content is decreasing and many other losses due to tropical deforestation cannot be replaced by temperate forest.

21
Q

Carbon pools:

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A
  • Above-ground biomass
  • Below-ground biomass
  • Soil
  • Litter
  • Dead wood
  • Harvested wood products
22
Q

Share of c in carbon pools:

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A

C in bio-mass higher in tropical

C in soil higher in temperate

23
Q

History of reducing emissions from avoided deforestation in international climate politics:

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A

• Left out in the Kyoto Protocol 1997
– Afforestation and reforestation CDM
• Entered climate politics again 2005
– Presented by Papua New Guinea, Costa Rica
– Principal: paying forest nations to halt deforestation
• Included in Bali Action Plan from 2007
– Programs established for Pilots (Un-redd, FIP etc.)
• Presently one of the most unifying issues with in UNFCCC but few decisions, moved outside!

24
Q

The future for forest

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Forest degradation (problem) and restoration (opportunity)
  2. Forest zoning/protection/hot spot (see earlier discussion on conservation + Göran’s presentation)
  3. Related issues
    • Bio-fuels (strong link to climate change)
    • Non-timber/wood forest products (NTFPs or NWFP) & Trees outside forest
    • Multifunctionality
25
Biofuels and forest
* Indirect land use change (ILUC) -teleconnectivity * Unintended consequence of more emission from land use due to demand of biofules * EU’s renewable energy directive (looking for a model) * USA’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (ILUC factor)
26
Multifunctionality :
* agro-forestry * parklands * home-gardens * watershed management = more than one product or service in management
27
Options for mitigating water scarcity in agriculture:
* Increased efficiency in water use * Re-use of treated waste water * Desalination (high value crops) * Halophyte cultivation (saline water) * ”green”water strategies * Water harvesting
28
Highest meat production today vs future:
Pig today Chicken fastest growing All meat production is likely to grow
29
Soil organic matter (SOM):
* Soil organic matter (SOM) beneficially influences soil properties despite the small quantities (3-5%) present in mineral soils * Increase the soil ́s capacity to capture and hold nutrients * Storage of nutrients (important N, P) in organic form * Creates stability of soil particles –which is very important for the fertility of the soil * Increases the soils water holding capacity
30
GHG % for forestry and agriculture
14% agriculture | 17% forestry
31
10 elements of Agroecology:
• Diversity - Diversification is key to agro-ecological transitions to ensure food security and nutrition while conserving, protecting and enhancing natural resources • Co-creation and sharing knowledge - Agricultural innovations respond better to local challenges when they are co-created through participatory processes • Synergies - Building synergies enhances key functions across food systems, supporting production and multiple ecosystem services • Efficiency - Innovative agro-ecological practices produce more using less external resources • Recycling - More recycling means agricultural production with lower economic and environmental costs • Resilience - Enhanced resilience of people, communities and ecosystems is key to sustainable food and agricultural systems • Human and social values - Protecting and improving rural livelihoods, equity and social well-being is essential for sustainable food and agricultural systems • Culture and food traditions - By supporting healthy, diversified and culturally appropriate diets, agro-ecology contributes to food security and nutrition while maintaining the health of ecosystems • Responsible governance - Sustainable food and agriculture requires responsible and effective governance mechanisms at different scales –from local to national to global. • Circular and solidarity economy - Circular and solidarity economies that reconnect producers and consumers provide innovative solutions for living within our planetary boundaries while ensuring the social foundation for inclusive and sustainable development.
32
Innate behavior
Natural behavior: - Related to welbeing. - Let the animals chose between two things or between one thing and something highly desirable (Like food)
33
OIE:
OIE - The World Animal Health Organization
34
3 questions regarding animal welfare:
Only animals in captivity ``` - healthy and productive (produce the required service) - emotional health (happy, pain, suffering) - natural (innate) behaviors (social, movements, habits, etc. ) (Similar to wilderness) ```
35
Animal welfare standard, input or output based:
Input based: - space - food - time - measurable - easy to legislate - instrumental Output based: - happy - welbeing - hard to measure - hard to legislate - final value
36
Yields in conventional vs organic farming:
``` Conventional: - higher yield - less other services usually: - less biodiversity - more soil erosion/degradation - eutrophication ``` Organic: - has not been optimized for as long as conventional. For both: - multi-functional farming (more benefits than yield) - crop rotation
37
Comparing diets:
Vegetarian diet have almost half the land use compared to meat diet (or low carb)

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