Exam I Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, and boiling point are all what type of properties?
A
Physical properties
2
Q
Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, and toxicity are all what type of properties?
A
Chemical properties
3
Q
Cations are _________ than their corresponding atoms.
A
Smaller
4
Q
Anions are ________ than their corresponding atoms.
A
Larger
5
Q
What element has the lowest ionization energy?
A
Francium
6
Q
What element has the highest ionization energy?
A
Fluorine
7
Q
What is the most electronegative element?
A
Fluorine
8
Q
What is the least electronegative element?
A
Francium
9
Q
What ion of Zn is predictable?
A
Zn⁺⁺
10
Q
What ion of Sc is predictable?
A
Sc³⁺
11
Q
What ion of Ag is predictable?
A
Ag⁺
12
Q
What ion of oxygen is most common?
A
O²⁻
13
Q
What ion of nitrogen is most common?
A
N³⁻
14
Q
What ion of phosphorus is most common?
A
P³⁻
15
Q
What is the formula for transition metal cation charge?
A
- -(anion subscript) (anion charge) / cation subscript
16
Q
What element has the highest ionization energy and the highest electronegativity?
A
Fluorine
17
Q
Which periodic table column can easily gain or lose electrons?
A
Column 14
18
Q
_______ Elements exist in nature with single elements as their basic units.
Give an example.
A
- Atomic
- Na, Mg, or Au, etc. (most elements)
19
Q
_______ Elements exist in nature as molecules.
Give an example.
A
- Molecular
- Diatomics: O₂, Cl₂, N₂, etc.
- Polyatomics: P4
20
Q
Molecular compounds are composed of two or more __________.
A
Non-metals
21
Q
Ionic compounds are composed of a ______ and an _______.
A
- Cation (metal)
- Anion (non-metal)
22
Q
What formula is used to determine cation charge in transition metals?
Give an example.
A
- [(anion subscript) x (anion charge)] / cation subscript.
- WO₂ = -[-2 x 2] / 1 = 4 = Tungsten (IV) Oxide
23
Q
What three elements in lecture were defined as being exceptions to the octet rule?
A
- Hydrogen (2 e-)
- Boron (6 e-)
- Aluminum (6 e-)
24
Q
A carbon chain with one carbon has a prefix of…
A
meth- (ex. methyl)
25
A carbon chain with two carbons has a prefix of...
eth- (ex. ethyl)
26
A carbon chain with three carbons has a prefix of...
prop- (ex. propyl)
27
A carbon chain with four carbons has a prefix of...
but- (ex. butyl)
28
Regarding stereocenters, atoms are prioritized according to _______ atomic number.
increasing
29
Regarding stereocenters, would a ethyl group or a methyl group take priority over the other?
Ethyl would take priority
30
Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is clockwise?
R-stereoisomer
31
Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is counter-clockwise?
S-stereoisomer
32
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?
R-stereoisomerism retained.
33
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?
R changed to **S-stereoisomerism**
34
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?
S changed to **R-stereoisomerism**
35
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?
S-steroisomerism retained.
36
If priority groups are on the same side of an **alkene** then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.
Z-stereoisomer
37
If priority groups are on opposite sides of an **alkene** then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.
E-stereoisomer
38
What two properties do heterocycles have?
1. ↑ H₂O solubility
2. ↑ bioavailability
39
What are the 4 macromolecules and their substituent components?
1. Proteins - amino acids.
2. Carbohydrates - sugars
3. Lipids - fatty acids
4. Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
40
What macromolecules contains the -ose suffix?
Carbohydrates
41
What oxygenated species is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP? What process is this?
- Carbohydrates
- Glycolysis
42
Differentiate mono, di, & poly-saccharides.
- Monosaccharides - one sugar unit
- Disaccharides - two sugar units
- Polysaccharides - multiple sugar units
43
Differentiate simple & complex sugars. Give the most pertinent example of a complex sugar.
- Complex sugars have branch chains vs the straight chains of simple sugars and are much more difficult to break down.
- Fiber is a complex sugar
44
What is the stereoisomerism of all natural sugars?
D-isomerism
45
Differentiate enantiomers & diastereomers.
- Enantiomers = all stereocenters change between different enantiomeric structures.
- Diastereomers = Minimum of two stereocenters, one stereocenter has to remain the same.
46
This subset of stereoisomers have all the same physical properties except optical rotation.
Enantiomers
47
The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?
Enantiomer (one stereocenter)
48
The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?
Diastereomer (two stereocenters, one remains in the same orientation)
49
What is harder to separate out, enantiomers or diastereomers?
Enantiomers
50
Fischer projections depict the _________ of a sugar as opposed to Haworth projections which depict the _________ of a sugar.
- Open-form
- Closed-form
51
What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?
- Fischer Projection
- L sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the left.
52
What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?
- Fischer Projection
- D-sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the right.
53
In the figure below, describe whether each structure has D or L isomerism as well as if the structure is a ketose or an aldose.
1. D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
- Aldose due to carbonyl group
2. D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
- Ketose due to OH group
54
What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?
- Haworth projection
- β-anomer (OH group is up on carbon 1)
55
What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?
- Haworth projection
- α-anomer (OH group is down on carbon 1)
56
What is the name for the bond that links two individual sugar molecules?
What process breaks this bond?
- Glycosidic bond
- Glycolysis
57
What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?
β - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the β-anomeric (up) position.
58
What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?
α - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the α-anomeric (down) position.
59
Which three functional groups make up amino acids?
1. Amine
2. Carboxylic Acid
3. Side Chain (non-polar, polar, acidic/basic)
60
What functional group of amino acids gives said amino acids its properties? Elaborate.
Side Chain.
1. Non-polar (hydrocarbons)
2. Polar (alcohols, amides, thiols)
3. Acidic/Basic (carboxylic acids, amines)
61
What stereoisomerism is depicted by all natural amino acids, D or L ?
L-stereoisomerism
62
What should be known about the N-terminus of an amino acid?
- First amino acid in peptide sequence w/ **amine group**.
63
What should be known about the C-terminus of an amino acid?
- Last amino acid in peptide sequence w/ **carboxylic acid group**.
64
Peptide bonds are also known as ______ bonds.
amide
65
How many amino acid residues are present in a cyclic amino acid with 9 amide bonds?
9 amino acid residues
66
How many amino acid residues are present in a non-cyclic amino acid with 22 amide bonds?
23 amino acid residues.
67
What is the primary protein structure?
- amino acid sequence
68
What is the secondary protein structure?
- α-helices
- β-sheets
69
What is the tertiary protein structure?
- Unique three-dimensional structure caused by protein folding.
70
What is the quaternary protein structure?
- Multiple tertiary structures arranged into a larger unit.
71
What are the four main lipid groups described in lecture?
1. Eicosanoids
2. Glycerides
3. Non-Glycerides
4. Complex
72
These lipids are hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachadonic acid.
Eicosanoids.
73
What Eicosanoid derivatives should be known?
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxanes
74
What biological roles do glycerides have?
1. Energy storage (↑ than carbs)
2. Phospholipid bilayer structure
75
What are the three subgroups of non-glycerides?
1. Sphingolipids
2. Steroids
3. Waxes
76
What are the two main subgroups of Complex lipids?
What should be known about each? (from lecture)
- Lipoproteins (HDL:LDL ratio)
- Glycolipids (site for virus to enter cell through membrane).
