Exam I

Question 1

Nerve Distribution

Answer 1

area of skin innervated by single peripheral nerve

Question 2

dermatome

Answer 2

area of skin innervated by one spinal segment

Question 3

myotome

Answer 3

area of muscle innervated by one spinal segment

one muscle usually has 2-3 segments

Question 4

Axonal Neuropathy

Answer 4

symptoms begin in hands and feet and progress proximally

Question 5

Guillan Bairre

Answer 5

autoimmune demyelination of PNS motor fibers

MS=CNS demyelination

Question 6

temporary compression of a nerve

Answer 6

causes temporary numbness; slowly conducting pain neurons recover from anoxia first (causes tingling)

Question 7

Proprioception

Answer 7

sensory info processed by: cerebrum & cerebellum
info gathered by: 
Golgi Tendon Organs
Muscle Spindle Fibers
Cutaneous Sensory Nerves
Eyes
Inner ear

Question 8

contents of peripheral nerve

Answer 8

sensory neuron (cell body in dorsal root ganglion)
motor neuron (cell body in ventral horn)
sympathetic neuron (cell body in sympathetic chain ganglia)

Question 9

Spinal cord reflexes

Answer 9

myotactic: muscle stretch reflex
pain reflex: withdrawal
crossed extensor reflex: after pain reflex, opposite limb extends
reciprocal inhibition: inhibition of antagonist muscle group

Question 10

sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 10

perpendicular to peripheral nerves, connected to peripheral nerves via communicating rami

Question 11

contents of peripheral nerves

Answer 11

rootlets form dorsal and ventral roots, dorsal and ventral roots form spinal nerve, spinal nerve splits into rami(peripheral nerves), dorsal rami=deep back muscles and skin), ventral rami=remaining muscle and skin

Question 12

Characteristics of Synovial Joint

AKA Diarthrosis Joints

Answer 12

articulating ends of joints covered in hyaline cartilage
synovial space is btwn bones w/in joint capsule
articular capsule is fibrous CT continuous with periostium of bone
synovial membrane on inner lining of joint capsule, creates lubricating synovial fluid
occasionally there are fibrocartilage articulatiing discs or meniscus btwn bones

Question 13

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 13

1. Symphysis: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

2. Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage @ epiphyseal plate

Question 14

Fibrous Joints

Answer 14

1. Syndesmosis(2 bones being held together) e.g. radioulnar articulation and tibiofibular articulation
2. Gomphosis eg teeth
3. Sutures eg coronal, internasal sutures

Question 15

scapular winging

Answer 15

long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior)
dorsal scapular nerve (rhomboids)
weak rhomboids=lateral rotation
weak serratus anterior=medial rotation

Question 16

Actions of Serratus Anterior

Answer 16

works with trapezius to laterally rotate scapula
protraction (rhomboids and trap retract)
works with rhomboids to hold scapula on thorax

Question 17

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Answer 17

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

Rotator cuff: insertion of tendons deep to coracoacromial ligament

Question 18

Suprascapular nerve

Answer 18

innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus
descends from C5
supraspinatus: passes through scapular notch
infraspinatus: around base of scapular spine

Question 19

Quadrangular space

Answer 19

axillary nerve (innervates deltoid and teres minor)

teres major
teres minor
long head of triceps
humerus

Question 20

Muscles on scapula that move humerus

Answer 20

deltoid (abduct, flex, extend, medial, lateral rotate)
triceps (extend)
supraspinatus (abduct)
infraspinatus (laterally rotates)
teres minor (laterally rotates)
teres major (adduct, medially rotates, extends)

Question 21

Accessory Nerve

Answer 21

innervates trapezius and sternoclenoidmastoid
CN XI
descends from base of skull, out posterior triangle of neck, deep to trapezius

Question 22

Shoulder joints

Answer 22

glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
scapulothoracic

Question 23

Glenohumeral Joint
(capsule and capsular ligaments)

Answer 23

Synovial joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula, glenoid labrum
Capsule: thin, inferior is weakest area, aperature for long head of biceps
Capsular ligaments:
glenohumeral: thickening of anterior capsule
coracohumeral: strengthens superior part of capsule

Question 24

Glenohumeral joint
(extracapsular ligaments, mobility/stability, bursae)

Answer 24

extracapsular ligaments:
transverse humeral ligament: spans bicipital groove
coracoacromial ligament: limits superior movement

mobility: shallow glenoid cavity, lax capsule
stability: rotator cuff muscles

bursae:
subdeltoid
subacromial

Question 25

acromioclavicular joint

Answer 25

acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament -trapezoid ligament -conoid ligament

Question 26

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 26

interclavcular ligament: limits shoulder depression costoclavicular ligament: limits shoulder elevation (attached to first rib) above two ligaments are stabilizing articular disc

Question 27

Posterior Triangle

Answer 27

trapezius, clavicle, sternoclenoidmastoid brachial plexus and axillary artery pass through anterior and middle scaliness

Question 28

Axilla

Answer 28

Pectoralis Major latissimus dorsi humerus rib cage

Question 29

3 joints of the elbow

Answer 29

proximal radioulnar (pronation, supination) humeroulnar (trochlea, trochlear notch) humeroradial (capitulum, head of radius) both humeral joints: flexion, extension

Question 30

Radial Artery

Answer 30

crosses floor of snuffbox | passes btwn first 2 MC bones

Question 31

Ulnar Compression

Answer 31

Arcade of struthers cubital tunnel flexor carpi ulnaris heads