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Animal Behavior > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

allele

A

a gene variant, one or more alternative forms of a gene

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2
Q

analogy

A

a trait that is shared in two or more groups that was not present in a common ancestor but that instead arose due to convergent evolution

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3
Q

animal behavior

A

a discipline where evolution, learning, genetics, molecular biology, development, neurobiology, and endocrinology congeal into one subject

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4
Q

artifical selection

A

a type of selection in which humans select traits that are bred for

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5
Q

behavior

A

the coordinated responses of a whole living organism to internal and/or external stimuli

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6
Q

conceptual approaches

A

integrating formerly disparate and unconnected ideas and combining them into new, cohesive ways

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7
Q

convergent evolution

A

The process leading to production of analogous traits. Usually caused by a similar but independent responses to a common environmental pressure

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8
Q

cultural transmission

A

A transmission system in which animals learn behaviors through social learning. Allows newly acquired traits to spread rapidly and be adopted by entire populations, as well as allowing information to be carried through from generation to generation

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9
Q

dendrites

A

The part of the nerve cell that receives impulses from other cells. This is a form of information collection

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10
Q

direct fitness

A

Measured by the number of viable offspring produced, plus any effects that an individual might have on the direct descendants of its own offspring.

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11
Q

Domestication syndrome

A

Traits that come out through domestication over generations can be phyical or psychological

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12
Q

Dominant (allele)

A

A single copy of the allele is needed for the trait to be expressed

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13
Q

Ecology

A

The focus on how animals interact with their environment

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14
Q

Empirical Approaches

A

Observational or experimental studies. An empirical approach gathers observable data and sets out a repeatable process to produce verifiable results. Empirical analysis often requires statistical analysis to support a claim

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15
Q

Endocrine system

A

“Communication network” of hormone glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream and influence many aspects of behavior. This includes the adrenal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads and hypothalamus

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16
Q

Ethology

A

The scientific study of animal behavior; including feeding, mating, fighting, etc. The main questions about behavior include mechanism, development, survival value, and evolutionary history

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17
Q

Eusociality

A

An extreme form of sociality including cooperative care of offspring often with only one reproducing female, divison of labor, overlapping generations

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18
Q

genetic recombination

A

a recombination of genes during cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that involves sections of one chromosomes crossing over and swapping positions with sections of the homologous chromosome

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19
Q

genetic variation

A

variation caused by genetic differences

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20
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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21
Q

habituation

A

responses to stimuli begin to decrease and return to a baseline level when an animal is exposed to the same stimuli over and over

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22
Q

heritability

A

a measure of the proportion of variance in a trait that is due to genetic variance

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23
Q

homology

A

a trait that is present in two or more groups that was inherited from a common ancestor

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24
Q

homoplasy

A

a trait that is shared between two or more species, not because they share an ancestor but natural selection has acted independently on each species

25
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals due to inbreeding

26
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the sum of an individual’s direct and indirect fitness

27
Q

indirect fitness

A

Measured by the increased reproductive success of an individual’s 1’s behavior. These actions indirectly gets copies of individual’s 1’s genes into the next generation

28
Q

Kin selection

A

Expanding the bounds of classic natural selection models by demonstrating that natural selection not only factors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of individuals expressing that behavior, but also favors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of those individuals’ close genetic kin.

29
Q

Laboratory artifacts

A

behaviors that don’t happen naturally outside of laboratory’s or captivity

30
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Mendel’s second law states: whichever allele is passed down to the next generation at one locus is independent of which allele is passed down at other loci

31
Q

Mendel’s Principle of Segregation

A

Mendel’s first law states: individuals have two copies of each gene, that such genes remain distnct entities, and that these genes segregate and are distributed fairly during the formation of eggs/sperm

32
Q

migration

A

increases genetic diversity in a population due to new individuals with new trait variants joining the resident gene pool

33
Q

morphological traits

A

the physical underpinning for the production of behavior

34
Q

mutation

A

a change in a genetic make up which creates new variation in a population

35
Q

natural selection

A

A process that occurs when variants of a trait that best suit an organism to its environment and that are heritable. Increase in frequency over evolutionary time; this process requires variation, fitness differences, and heritability

36
Q

neuroethology

A

the study of the neural basis for animal’s natural behaviors

37
Q

neurohormones

A

released into the blood via neurons, which are typically located in the brain that secrete these hormones directly into the bloodstream

38
Q

nodes

A

The points on a phylogenetic tree where branches split. These splits represent common ancestors for species before and after.

39
Q

observation experimentation

A

Gathering data on what animals do, without attempting to manipulate or control any ethological or environmental variable

40
Q

overlapping generations

A

differently aged generations working together and living together in a single colony

41
Q

parsimony analysis

A

a technique for choosing among alternative phylogenetic trees by selecting the tree that requires the fewest changes

42
Q

peptide hormones

A

protein hormones affecting the endocrine systems that are made of small chains of amino acids

43
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an organism

44
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of an organism

45
Q

polarity

A

the direction of historical change in a trait

46
Q

predator inspection

A

The tendency of an individual to move towards a certain predator to gather information about the danger of the predator

47
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Can be stored in endocrine cells/do not have to be released immediately into the bloodstream, water-soluble, do not require any other transport proteins to travel through the blood

48
Q

proximate analysis

A

analysis based on asking questions that focus on immediate causation

49
Q

GTL mapping (Quantitative trait loci)

A

A powerful way of finding the general region of the genome in which quantitative trait loci reside

50
Q

Recessive allele

A

Two copies of an allele are necessary for the expression of a trait

51
Q

social learning

A

situations in which animals learn certain behaviors by copying others

52
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Hormone with a longer lag time between when a stimulus is senses and when the hormone is produced, one that cannot be stored in cells/immediately released into the bloodstream after they are produced, hydrophobic and usually require a chemical chaperone to move them through the bloodstream

53
Q

theoretical approaches

A

the approach to animal behavior that involves the creation of a mathematical model of the world

54
Q

truncation selection experiment

A

an experimental method of selecting parents to breed for the next generation based on phenotypic expression of a trait

55
Q

ultimate analysis

A

an analysis relating to the evolution of a trait

56
Q

variation

A

For natural selection to act, there must be variation in the trait under investigation. Caused by either environmental or genetic factors

57
Q

xenophobia

A

The fear of strangers or those from outside one’s group

58
Q

Timbergen’s four types of questions

A

Mechanistic, developmental, evolutionary, survival value

59
Q

individual learning

A

a change in behavior due to experience that does not involve learning from other individuals

Animal Behavior (4 decks)

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