Exam I

Question 1

Coined the phrase “sociological imagination.”

Answer 1

C. Wright Mills

Question 2

The vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society.
Ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence each other.

Answer 2

Sociological Imagination

Question 3

founded concept of understanding how society holds together and how modern capitalism and industrialization have transformed the ways people relate to one another.

Answer 3

Emile Durkheim

Question 4

Coined the term “anomie.”

Answer 4

Emile Durkheim

Question 5

The sense of normlessness resulting from drastic changes in living conditions or arrangements.

Answer 5

Anomie

Question 6

Belief that the social world can be described and predicted by certain observable relationships.

Durkheim is “founding practitioner.”

Answer 6

Positivist Sociology

Question 7

The founding fathers of the sociological discipline.

Answer 7

Karl Marx
Max Weber
Emile Durkheim

Question 8

Concept that it was primarily the conflicts between classes that drove social change throughout history.

Answer 8

Historical Materialism

Question 9

Coined the theory of Historical Materialism

Answer 9

Karl Marx

Question 10

Concept that conflict among competing interests is the basic, animating force of any society.

Answer 10

Conflict Theory

Question 11

The idea that people act in response to the meaning that signs and social signals hold for them.

Answer 11

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 12

Coined the term “social physics” (aka positivism).

Answer 12

Auguste Comte

Question 13

The need to make moral sense out of social order in a time of declining religious authority.

Answer 13

Positivism

Question 14

Comte’s Three Stages:

Answer 14

1. Theological Stage: Society is result of divine will.
2. Metaphysical Stage: Humankind’s behavior governed by natural, biological instincts.
3. Scientific Stage: Social physics identify scientific laws that govern human behavior.

Question 15

Developed the concept of “Double Consciousness”

Answer 15

W.E.B. Du Bois

Question 16

Concept of constantly maintaining two behavioral scripts: one for moving through the world and another to incorporate external opinions of prejudiced onlookers.

Answer 16

Double Consciousness

Answer 17

Max Weber

Question 18

“understanding”

Answer 18

Verstehen

Question 19

Concept in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of those they want to understand, (rather than observing them as objects).

Answer 19

Interpretive Sociology

Question 20

Founded Interpretive Sociology

“verstehen”

Answer 20

Max Weber

Question 21

Who were the European Sociologists?

Answer 21

Comte
Durkheim
Weber
Simmel
Marx

Question 22

Who were European Sociologists influenced by?

Answer 22

Enlightenment thinkers, French Revolution, and First Industrial Revolution.

Question 23

A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time.

Answer 23

Social Institution

Question 24

Concept that the best way to analyze society was to identify the roles that different aspects or phenomena play.

Answer 24

Functionalism

Question 25

Concept that the grand narratives of history are over.

Answer 25

Postmodernism

Question 26

Concept that humans’ behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments, a concept known as social ecology.

Answer 26

American Sociology

Question 27

An entity that exists because people behave as though it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people & social institutions act in accordance with widely agreed-on formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity.

Answer 27

Social Construction

Question 28

Theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function.

Answer 28

Midrange Theory

Question 29

Seeks to understand local interactional contexts / study of how face-to-face interactions create the social world. ie: participant observation and in-depth interviews

Answer 29

Microsociology

Question 30

Seeks to understand social dynamics at a higher level of analysis - across the breadth of society.

Answer 30

Macrosociology

Question 31

An emphasis on women’s experiences and a belief that sociology and society in general subordinate women. Am emphasis on equality between men and women and desire to see women’s lives and experiences represented in sociological studies.

Answer 31

Feminist Theory

Question 32

A qualitative method of studying people or a social setting that uses observation, interaction, and sometimes formal interviewing to document behaviors, customs, experiences, social ties, and so on.

Answer 32

Ethnography

Question 33

A procedure involving the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses based on systematic observation, measurement, and/or experiments.

Answer 33

Scientific Method

Question 34

An abstracted, systematic model of how some aspect of the world works.

Answer 34

Theory

Question 35

Methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form.

Answer 35

Quantitative Methods

Question 36

Approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions.

Answer 36

Research Methods

Question 37

Methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.

Answer 37

Qualitative Methods

Question 38

1. Theory 2. Forms hypothesis 3. Makes empirical observations 4. Analyzes data to confirm, reject, or modify original theory.

Answer 38

Deductive Approach

Question 39

Research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory.

Answer 39

Inductive Approach

Question 40

The idea that one factor influences another through a chain of events.

Answer 40

Causal Relationship

Question 41

When two variables tend to track each other positively or negatively.

Answer 41

Correlation / Association

Question 42

Something that takes place in the world that affects people in a way that is unrelated to any other preexisting factors or their characteristics, thereby approximating random assignment to treatment or control groups.

Answer 42

Natural Experiment

Question 43

The notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another.

Answer 43

Causality

Question 44

A proposed relationship between two variables, usually with a stated direction (pos. or neg.)

Answer 44

Hypothesis

Question 45

How a concept gets defined and measured in a given study.

Answer 45

Operationalization

Question 46

The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

Answer 46

Validity

Question 47

The likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure.

Answer 47

Reliability

Question 48

A set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter.

Answer 48

Feminist Methodology

Question 49

The phenomenon wherein a researcher's presence affects the subjects' behavior or response, thereby disrupting the study.

Answer 49

White Coat effect

Question 50

Analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research.

Answer 50

Reflexivity

Question 51

An entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn.

Answer 51

Population

Question 52

Qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice.

Answer 52

Participant Observation

Question 53

Subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data.

Answer 53

Sample

Question 54

Ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents.

Answer 54

Survey

Question 55

Idea that a particular slice of social observation captures in an accurate way the larger set of those phenomena that it is meant to stand in for.

Answer 55

Representative Sample

Question 56

Intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechnisms.

Answer 56

Case study

Question 57

Extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one studied.

Answer 57

Generalizability

Question 58

Methodology by which two+ entities, which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the differing dimension.

Answer 58

Comparative Research

Question 59

Systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication such as written work, speech, or film.

Answer 59

Content Analysis

Answer 60

Data Collection

Question 61

Research that collects data written from reports, newspaper articles, journals, etc. that date back to the period under study.

Answer 61

Historical Method

Question 62

Methods that seek to alter that social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields. (hint: often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience alteration).

Answer 62

Experimental Methods

Question 63

Translated Comte into English.

Answer 63

Harriet Martineau

Question 64

Coined the term the "looking-glass self" -- we gauge responses of other individuals to our presentation of self.

Answer 64

Charles Cooley

Question 65

Described inequality in society was necessary to induce the most talented people to fill the most demanding positions that require the highest skills and dedication.

Answer 65

Kingsley Davis and Wilbur Moore

Question 66

Created the Index of Occupational Status by polling the general public about the prestige of certain occupations

Answer 66

Peter Blau and Otis Duncan

Question 67

Carried out a series of experiments to demonstrate the power of norms of group conformity.

Answer 67

Soloman Asch

Question 68

Sought to describe how the various parts of the whole were integrated with, but articulated against, one another. (Functionalism)

Answer 68

Talcott Parsons

Question 69

Chicago school. Founded "Hull House"

Answer 69

Jane Addams

Question 70

Laid the groundwork for symbolic interactionism. Explored how everyday personal encounters shape and reinforce our notions about class and social status.

Answer 70

Erving Goffman

Question 71

Anthropologist who studied culture; well known for meaning of cockfighting in Bali.

Answer 71

Clifford Geertz

Question 72

Describes "Self" vs "generalized other".

Answer 72

Herbert Mead

Question 73

Studied consumer culture

Answer 73

Allison Pugh

Question 74

Studied how social class privilege is transmitted to children

Answer 74

Annette Lareau

Question 75

Gender theorists Argue that the statuses of male/female have distinct power and significance that role theory doesn't adequately capture.

Answer 75

Candace West and Don Zimmerman

Question 76

Discovered the elastic tie.

Answer 76

Stacey Torres

Question 77

Argues is that individuals are unequal physically, intellectually, and morally. He suggests that those who are the most capable in particular groups and societies should lead.

Answer 77

Vilfredo Pareto

Question 78

Society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement.

Answer 78

Meritocracy

Question 79

explained that even though there has been stagnation in the number of people receiving bachelor’s degrees, the value of those degrees is increasing

Answer 79

Michael Hout

Question 80

Determined that different regions of the country varied widely in their levels of participation in voluntary associations. (Strong capital binds people together)

Answer 80

Robert Putnam

Question 81

Emphasized the importance of not just looking at the mobility (horizontal and vertical) of individuals but also examining group mobility.

Answer 81

Pitirim Sorokin

Question 82

a group or individual transitioning from one social status to another situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder

Answer 82

Horizontal social mobility

Question 83

refers to the rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another.

Answer 83

Vertical social mobility

Question 84

studied people who live alone, trying to understand the costs and benefits of leaving some of the ties that bind dangling free.

Answer 84

Eric Klinenberg

Question 85

8 stages of human development

Answer 85

Erik Erikson

Question 86

Asserts that as a culture, we grossly exaggerate the frequency of rarely occurring events, often through amplification of a single instance through media repetition.

Answer 86

Barry Glassner

Question 87

examines the ways in which women are maimed, sliced, raped, and otherwise deformed in advertising images

Answer 87

Jean Kilbourne