Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

immunology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is variolation/inoculation and what was the purpose?

A

Docs would scrape dried pus into cuts on people bc if you did that, less likely to die of the pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Edward Jenner figure out?
(hint: cows)

A

medical doctor/researcher
-cowpox similar disease, just on cows
-much more mild in humans, immune from smallpox
-vaccination (refers to the cow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do to defeat chicken chlorea?

A

-used 2 week old culture of dying/dead cells, and chickens got sick but recovered
-heat up culture to kill bacteria, then inject into chicken
-also did with anthrax and rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

attenuation-

A

(let sit until dry) (we can heat and dry to weaken infectious agent so then when given to the body it learns how to kill it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

(delivery of weakened infectious agents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 main traits of the vertebrate defense system-

A

-learns from experience
-adapts
-improves ability to fight disease
-confers immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parasites! What cell type, why problematic?

A

-eukaryotic
-too big to phagocytose
-cause disease by monchin, forming cysts, bad immune reactions, damaging cellular responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

single celled euk parasites called:

A

plasmodium (single celled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multicellular parasites called?

A

(helminths)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are toxins?

A

-chemicals that interfere with critical pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Body’s main 6 strats for immunity?

A

Avoidance
Resistance
Recognition
Target differentiation
Effector response
Memory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avoidance-

A

preventing exposure to microbes (inside our tissues/body)
(we are a hollow tube)
-keep pathogens out of tissues/organs/blood/brain etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Recognition

A

-Self vs non-self
-(auto-immune disease when this fucks up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Resistance-

A

-reducing or eliminating pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Target differentiation

A

who is and how murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of response

A

Effector response
Memory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effector response

A

-effect (to do)
-Body gonna kill invadors, doing something aboot it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Memory response

A

-it remembers how fought before, so more efficient murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 main components of our immunity-

A

Innate and adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of the innate immune system-

A

-first line defense
-non-specific, keeping everyone out (barrier)
-ancient ancestry
-no immunologic memory
-No adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Some examples of the innate immune system-

A

skin, mucous membranes, physiological barriers, chemical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical defenses on the skin-

A

-Sebum (oils secreted by skin) consists of acids (lactic, fatty)
-lysozyme (enzyme that chops up bac cell walls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why skin good barrier?

A

-epidermis layer (outer layer tighly packed dead cells stacked, keratin) dry, living cells tightly packed together, be flakin off
-Dry, tight connections, waterproof, low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do mucous membranes combat pathogens?

A

-remain moist
-exchange of water across membrane, selectively permeable
-epithelial cells laying on basal layer of connective tissue
-mucus very sticky them away from cells
-cilia wash away potential invaders (push up and out)
-not sterile, normal microflora living there
-good bacs bind to proteins on cell
-bacs must bind to cells and tissues, but parking spots taken by good bacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What came with vertebrae?
The adaptive immune system
26
What are some of the physiological barriers employed by the body?
-Temperature most bacs like 37, or cooler -pH (-skin ~3-5 (due to sebum, lactic and fatty acids) -most bacs like 7 -stomach gastric acids (pH 2) )
27
What are some chemical factors for defense?
Antimicrobial proteins & Antimicrobial peptides
28
Antimicrobial proteins what do and examples
Cleave bac cell walls -lysozyme: cleaves bacterial cell walls (monches external wall exposing lipid bilayer) -Phospholipase: phospholipids cleaver
29
Antimicrobial peptides, what do and examples
Form pores in bac cell walls -usually enzymes, <100 amino acids long -don’t have enzymatic activity, amphipathic (polar and non polar side) -Form pores in microbial membranes, lead to lysis -hole bad, no ATP
30
Name the main 3 professional phagocytes:
-Macrophages -Neutrophils -Dendrites
31
Macrophages- where found and what do
prof phagocyte, tend to live in tissues (residue in most tissues) secrete chemicals to indicate hey guys someone here to murder so do that
32
Neutrophils- where found and what do
prof phagocyte, circulate in blood and lymph, migrate into tissues to fight infection -first responders to macrophages
33
Dendrites- where found and what do?
prof phagocyte, reside in tissues, mediate immune response by activating other immune cells, cytokine production
34
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-of the bacterium, usually proteins, common sequence of amino acids that can be recognized by a PRR (pattern=motif)
35
PAMPs vs PRR, which is the invader?
PAMPs pattern associated molecular patterns of the bacterium, usually proteins sequences of amino acids recognized by PRRs
36
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
-complementary shape/chemical properties
37
Engagement of PAMPs by PRRs triggers
-phagocytosis -induction of inflammatory response
38
Some examples of PAMPs?
-sugars, -bac liposaccharides -teichoic acid -N-formyl peptides
39
Rough 5 steps in Phagocytosis-
1) bacterium binds to PRR via pseudopodia 2) Triggers ingestion, forms phagosome 3) Phagosome fuses with lysosome, enzymes activate 4) Bacterium digested 5) Waste secreted through exocytosis
40
PRR engagement triggers secretion of what inflammatory mediators? (bonus for what they do)
-cytokines (trigger specific effector response) -chemokines (attract other cells out of the blood to site of infection)
41
What are natural killer cells?
innate lymphoid cells, murder our cells when they focked
42
Rough order of events assuming you've sustained a tissue damaging wound
1) tissue damaged 2) chemokines and cytokines released 3) Vasoconstriction 4) Vasodilation 5) Leukocyte margination 6) Capillaries become permeable 7) Leukocyte extravasation (for visual see unit I 03 slide 7/36 )
43
As far as innate immunity, what do vertebrates have that no one else does?
-Innate lymphoid cells -inflammation (essentially Adaptive immunity) (for chart see unit I 03 slide 10/36)
44
What is Hematopoesis? (bonus for how it all begins)
Formation and development of blood cells -it all begins with the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) who gives rise to all blood cells
45
What two cell precursors come from the HSC cells?
-Common lymphoid progenitors (B, T NK cells) -Common myeloid progenitors
46
What cells are lymphoid?
B cells, T cells, and NK cells
47
What cells are myeloid?
A lot, anyone who isn't a B cell, T cell or NK
48
Hematopoiesis takes place where?
The bone marrow, (in fetal development it's like the yolk sac, then the AGM, then the liver before finally ~bone marrow~ )
49
What are the 3 multipotent adult stem cells? (directly from pluripotent stem cells)
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
50
What cells do endoderm's go on to make?
Digestive and respiratory tracts
51
What cells do mesoderm's go on to make?
muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, and connective tissue
52
What cells do ectoderm's go on to make?
skin and nervous tissue
53
What adult stem cells (multipotent) give rise to HSC?
Mesoderm cells
54
Give an example of an oligopotent stem cell (hint we actually only know like one lol)
Hematopoietic stem cell
55
Define an oligopotent stem cell
tissue-specific stem cell, example HSCs
56
HSC differentiation- 3 choices the cells have and what happens if they make 2 of them
1) self renewal 2) myeloid pathway 3) lymphoid pathway Upon differentiation committed to a lineage, cannot self-renew anymore
57
HSC development controlled by what?
Growth factors
58
How will growth factors affect a HSC ?
-Amounts of growth factors (could change course of cell development, order and amount) -Acquisition of responsiveness (receptors) Order of growth factors is important
59
What is the process of HSC differentiation? (more like what leads to it?)
1) acquires responsiveness 2) responds to chemical microenvironment 3) makes changes in gene expression (some cells edit DNA to create new proteins) -> Differentiation
60
What do HSC cells require to differentiate?
in essence, bone marrow microenvironment -requires hematopoetic-inducing microenvironment -stromal cells -non hemotopietic cells: fat cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts -Provide essential cellular matrix -Provide necessary growth factors
61
Is hematopoiesis a continuous process>
yees
62
In the case of hemorrhage or infection, what will happen to the homeostatic state of hematopoiesis?
Production can increase by 10 or 20 fold
63
If you're a cell, what are your two ways to die?
Apoptosis and necrosis
64
How effective is it to distinguish blood cells by erythrocytes vs leukocytes?
Very ineffective, everyone but the erythrocytes are white
65
cell surface proteins can serve as what?
antigens
66
How are we currently defining antigen?
as a protein or other molecule that can be bound by an antibody (signaling tag)
67
What is the role of antibodies in the body vs the lab?
In the body: marks cells as foreign In the lab: antibodies can be used as a diagnostic tool to ID cells
68
Each antigen has many _____ what?
Epitopes
69
What is an epitope?
specific part of antigen that antibody binds to
70
What are monoclonal antibodies used for? (and roughly, where/ how are they synthesized/obtained)
Identifying blood cells, generally distinguishing cells of the immune system (fluorescent tags can also be attached)
71
Just go the review the full monoclonal antibody production situation
Unit I 05 slides 13/22
72
What type of antigens does the body use?
Polyclonal
73
Hybridomas have what?
awesome powers, both of self replication an being an antibody who can bind to a certain antigen
74
What are clusters of differentiation?
cluster of antibodies that recognize a specific protein profile on some blood cell
75
How does nature use antibodies vs how we be casually using them
Nature antibodies for destruction, we use to identify any cell with a certain protein marker
76
What is the most conclusive way to identify cells of the immune system?
use of CD markers
77
Where are lymphoid cells found and what do they have?
blood, lymph, and tissues Cytotoxic activity
78
What does the NK cell receptor do?
Provides an inhibitory response, if all proteins expected are shown MHC class I then wont destroy
79
What does an NK receptor interact with?
Receptor for Class I MHC molecule receives ligand on target cell, class I MHC molecule
80
How to NK receptors identify something wrong with MHC I molecules?
-If cells been infected with virus it’ll start to show viral proteins (NK cant detect that) but it can count, if cell not have enough proteins something wrong
81
Why do NK cells use MHC molecules to determine if cell is doing well?
-Class I MHC molecules are expressed by all nucleated cells of the body
82
What does the NK activating receptor interact with
Interacts with NK cell activating ligand if class I MHC molecule altered
83
what is "cell mediated cytotoxicity"
What NK cells be doin, triggering apoptosis
84
What cell are CD16 receptors used by?
NKs
85
What do NK cells use CD16 receptors for?
-recognize antibodies, IgG antibodies (looks like a Y)
86
How does the adaptive immune system help NK cells?
-Altered self cell, antibodies bind to that, NK cell comes with CD16 receptor, says yeah this is freaky, then triggers apoptosis -working with adaptive immune system, detects antibody itself
87
What cells are considered lymphocytes? (bonus: what they do though?)
B-cells and T-cells (a type of white blood cell that elicits an antigen-specific response to infection)
88
Lymphocytes possess what traits of adaptability?
-diversity -specificity -memory -self/non-self recognition
89
What are the three major lymphocyte populations?
B-cells Tc-cells (cytotoxic T cells) Th-cells (helper T cells)
90
(New?) Antigen definition-
Any foreign molecule that can induce a specific immune response in the body (by being bound by antibodies)
91
What molecules are typically antigens?
1) Proteins 2) carbohydrates
92
What molecules are rarely antigens?
3) Lipids sometimes (less so, but yes if glycolipids, not as much to recognize as different) 4) Nucleic acids
93
Why might proteins make better more specific antigens?
Proteins more likely to be completely unique than nucleic acids (20 letters vs 4)
94
antibodies are often referred to as what ?
immunoglobulin
95
Where are class I MHCs found?
all nucleated self cells
96
Where are class II MHCs found?
phagocytes (present the severed heads of bacteria which Th cells see and go oh no! must go on quest for murder! Recruit B cells time)
97
What two signals are required to fully activate B-cells?
Antigen binding= Activation signal 1 T-h cells provide= Activation signal 2
98

immunology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions