Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 107 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define Psychology.

A

The scientific study of the mind (mental processes) and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mental processes are thoughts, feelings, motives, that cannot be directly _________.

A

Measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two fields that influence psychology?

A

Philosophy (link btwn body and mind) and Natural Science (obtain and interpret evidence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who studied natural selection and survival of the fittest in Natural Science?

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who developed inductive reasoning (aka the Scientific Method)?

A

Francis Bacon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between Structuralism and Functionalism?

A

Structuralism is understanding conscious experience through introspection, while Functionalism is focused on how mental processes help an organism fit into its environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who are the 2 important Structuralists? What did they do?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, first psychology laboratory. Edward Titchener, developed Structuralism, student of Wundt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is the 1 important Functionalist? What did they do?

A

William James, believed in “stream of consciousness”, looked at bigger picture of mind rather than individual parts, believed in study of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Eclectic Approach?

A

Selects and uses components in each approach for psychology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Out of the 7 psychological approaches, which are right and which are wrong?

A

None! There are no right or wrong approaches, only some are more applicable to some situations than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Psychoanalytic Approach.

A

Unconscious mind, conflict btwn instincts and society’s demands, and early childhood experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who are 2 important people for the Psychoanalytical Approach?

A

Sigmund Freud, developed approach, relied on dream analysis. Erik Erikson, personality stages w emphasis on role of culture, revised Freud’s ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Behavioral Approach.

A

Studies overt behavior and deemphasizes the importance of unobservable mental processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are the 4 important figures in the Behavioral Approach? What did they do?

A

Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning (manipulate environment, record reactions). John Watson, father of behaviorism. BF Skinner, strongly rejected thought processes. Albert Bandura, believed thought change affects of environment on a person, Social Cognitive Theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define the Social Cognitive Theory.

A

Stimulus -> organism -> response

“Monkey see, monkey do.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Humanistic Approach.

A

Focuses on the potential of all people for good; positive qualities of individuals.

Free will!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who are the 2 important figures in the Humanistic Approach? What did they do?

A

Carl Rodgers, warm, supportive environment. Abraham Maslow, achieving our potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define the Cognitive Approach.

A

Mental processes are invloved in behaviour; mind active and aware.

Information processing!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who was the 1 important figure in the Cognitive Approach? What did they do?

A

Noam Chompsky, believed linguistics (talking,speaking) should be included in cognitive- behaviour is not enough.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Multi-Cross Cultural Approaches.

A

Multi, cultural differences within a society. Cross, cultural differences between societies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who are the 3 important figures in the Cultural Approaches? What did they do?

A

Francis Cecil Sumner, 1st Black Ph.D. in psychology; established a Ph.D. program at Howard University. George Sanchez, challenge segregated education. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark, studied African American children and doll preference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who are the 2 important wome in psychology? What did they do?

A

Mary W. Calkins, first woman pres. of APA, denied Harvard degree. Margaret F. Washburn, second woman pres. of APA, wrote Animal Mind, first female Ph.D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define the Biopsychological Approach.

A

Brain and nervous system related to behavior and mental processes

Neuroscience- finds physical place in brain for thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define the Evolutionary Psychological Approach.

A

Importance of adaptation and “survival of the fittest” that increase reproductive success.

All human behaviours reflect survival skills of ancestors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are general trends seen in the approaches over time?
Decrease behaviourism, neuroscience/cognitive increase. | **Psychology is NOT dominated by a single on approach!**
26
What are the 2 major psychological organizations? What are their differences?
American Psychological Association, broad field of psychology (APA). American Association for Psychological Sciences (APS), more scientific approach to psychological research.
27
Define Hindsight Bias.
"I knew it all along"; claiming to haven outcome after outcome occurred.
28
Define False Consensus Effect.
Tendency to overestimate others' agreement with us.
29
Define Overconfidence.
Tendency to think we know more than we do.
30
What is the difference between **Deductive** and **Inductive** Reasoning?
**Deductive**, ideas are tested in the real world; broad to specific. **Inductive**, real world observations lead to new ideas; specific to broad.
31
What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?
1) Observe, make theory, pick variables 2) Make hypothesis & operational defintion 3) collect data 4) Analyze data (reliability) 5) Summarize data and report findings
32
What are the population, sample, and random samples defined as in the Scientific Method.
Population, entire group studied. Sample, specific group to collect data from. Random Sample, everyone in sample has equal chance of being selected.
33
What are the 4 types of Descriptive Research?
Clinical or case studies, observation, surveys and interviews, and archival reseach.
34
Define Correlational Research.
Describes association btwn 2 variables using the **correlation coefficient (r)** on 0-1 scale with pos (+) as directly related and neg (-) as indirectly related.
35
Define confounding variable.
An extraneous variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship btwn 2 others.
36
What is the difference btwn Longitudinal Design and Cross-Sectional Design?
Longitudinal, data gathered repeatedly over time. Cross-Sectional, data gathered once in time.
37
CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL _____________!!!
CAUSATION
38
What are the 5 components of Experimental Research? What does this type of research do?
Independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, and random assignment. It examines **causes** of behavior.
39
How do you consider external validity?
Do the results generalize to the real world?
40
How do you consider internal validity?
Extent to which changes in dependent variable are actually due to manipulation of the independent variable.
41
Define the placebo effect.
Improvement of symptoms when using a non active treatment.
42
Define ethnic gloss.
Tendency to assume all people in a group are the same.
43
What are the 2 subsections of the nervous system?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS)
44
Within the PNS, what are the involuntary and voluntary subsections called?
Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) and Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
45
Which subsection of the autonomic nervous system is “arousing”? Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic! Parasympathetic is “calming”.
46
What makes reflexes cool?
They occur without involving the brain :O
47
What parts of the body make up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord.
48
What is the difference btwn Afferent Nerves and Efferent in the PNS?
AH-ferent nerves (like the letter A) are used FIRST to carry **sensory** info TO the brain. EH-fferent nerves (like the letter E) come later to carry **motor** info FROM the brain.
49
If Somatic means voluntary, what part of the body does this system control?
Skeletal muscles! Voluntary movements
50
If Autonomic means involuntary, what parts of the body does this system control?
Organs, glands, sympathetic, and parasympathetic systems
51
If sensory neurons carry TO the brain and motor neurons carry AWAY from the brain, what do interneurons do?
Both! Interneurons carry info to and from the CNS.
52
What do Glial Cells do?
Provide nutrients, clean up waste, and support neurons to keep them running smoothly.
53
What are the 7 parts of the neuron?
Soma (cell body), dendrite (receive), axon (carry through neuron), terminal buttons (end of axon), synaptic vesicles (contain neurotransmitters [in buttons]), myelin sheath (lube on axon), and nodes of ranvier (space btwn sheath).
54
What is multiple sclerosis?
Diseases where myelin sheath degenerates, slow info carry, eventually muscle control loss. :(
55
Define ion channels.
membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through channel pore | *whisper whisper* it's semipermeable *whisper whisper*
56
What does it mean when a cell is at "resting potential"?
There's a negative charge on the inside and positive on the outside. | If not at rest, has more positive inside 0.o
57
What has to be *overcome* in order for the neuron to fire?
Threshold
58
Describe depolarization in a neuron.
Influx Na+ and outflow K+ ions flow inside to make positive internal charge.
59
What is the action potential? When does it occur? | Does the strength of stimulus affect speed?
Electrical impulse that travels down a neuron; occurs when neuron’s electrical charge exceeds its threshold of excitation. | No! It doesn't.
60
What is the All-Or-None Principle?
Neuron either fires or doesn't fire lol.
61
Describe reuptake.
Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron after transmission of an impulse/action potential across the synapse.
62
Where is the synapse? What does it do?
Junction between two neurons: electrical signal converted to chemical signal (neurotransmitters).
63
What is the synapse cleft?
The tiny gap at the junction.
64
What are the 4 steps of neurons communicating?
1. Electrical impulse converted to chemical energy 2. Neurotransmitters released 3. Neurotransmitters cross the synapse 4. Neurotransmitters bind to and stimulate the next neuron (reuptake)
65
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that carry info across the synaptic gap to the next neuron.
66
List the 7 neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine (ACh), Beta-endorphin, Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin. | D-BANGS
67
What disease is associated with Acetylcholine (ACh)?
Alzheimers, if have too little ACh.
68
Decribe functions of Beta-endorphins.
Stimulatory; blocks pain, elevates pleasure
69
Decribe functions of dopamine. What diseases are associated with it?
Voluntary movement, mood, sleep, and learning; chizophrenia (too much) and Parkinson’s (too little).
70
Decribe functions of GABA.
Brain function, sleep; too little → anxiety
71
Decribe functions of Glutamate.
Learning and memory; too much → headaches and seizures
72
Describe functions of norepinephrine.
Heart, intestines, and alertness. It's excitatory *and* inhibitory. Too little → depression; too much → manic state.
73
Describe functions of serotonin.
Regulates mood, sleep, and arousal; too little → depression.
74
What is the cerebral cortex?
Surface of brain, divided into two hemispheres.
75
What is the corpus callosum?
Band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres.
76
What is the longitudinal fissure?
Deep groove that marks the division of the hemispheres.
77
What is lateralization?
Specialization of function: right hemisphere controls left side of body and vice versa.
78
List the 4 lobes of the brain (and functions).
Frontal (reasoning, motor, emotion, language), temporal (hearin, memory, language processing), occipital (process vision), and pariental (spatial location, senses, shifts attention from one activity to another).
79
What are the 3 subsections of the frontal lobe and their functions?
Prefrontal cortex (higher order thinking), motor cortex (planning movement), and broca's area (language production).
80
What is the 1 subsection of the parietal lobe and it's function?
Somatosensory cortex (processes info about bodily sensations [e.g., touch, pain, temperature]).
81
What is the 1 subsection of the occipital lobe and it's function?
Visual cortex, (receives and processes visual info).
82
What are the 2 subsections of the temporal lobe and their functions?
Auditory cortex (process auditory info), wernicke's area (language comprehension).
83
What are the two important parts of the forebrain?
Limbic system (memory and emotion), Thalamus (directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex).
84
Within the limbic, what are the functions of the amygdala?
Emotional awareness and expression; aggression, fear.
85
Within the limbic, what are the functions of the hippocampus?
Storing memories, learning.
86
Within the limbic, what are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior. Also, helps the endocrine system.
87
What are the 2 subsections of the midbrain and their functions?
1) Reticular formation – alertness, arousal, attention, some reflexes; sleep-wake cycle 2) Substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area – produce dopamine; involved in mood, reward, addiction, and movement
88
What are the 4 subsections of the hindbrain and their functions?
**Medulla** (begins where the spinal cord enters the skull; helps control breathing and posture), **Cerebellum** (coordinates voluntary movement and muscles; muscle tone), **Pons** (involved in sleep and arousal), **Brain stem** (forms the medulla by swelling slightly when it enters the skull).

PSYC 107 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions