Exam I

Question 1

What is EBP?

Answer 1

Integration of bestevidence from current research, patient preference and values and clinical expertise

Question 2

5 Steps of EBP

Answer 2

Ask: Formulate an answerable clinical Q
Access: Track down the best evidence
Appraise: Critically appraised for validity
Apply
Assess: Evaluate effectiveness

Question 3

What does PICO Stand for?

Answer 3

Population, Intervention, Comparison, outcomes

Question 4

What are Boolean Operation?

Answer 4

AND is used to indicate that both terms must be present; decrease your results

OR is used to indicate that either term may be present; increases your results

Question 5

Primary Sources

Answer 5

OG research:
- Journal Articles
- Case Reports
-Conference posters/papers
-Clinical Trail Protocols
-Dissertations

Question 6

Secondary Sources

Answer 6

Interpretation or indexing of original research
- PubMed
- Bibliographies
- Reviews
- Meta-analysis

Question 7

Tertiary Sources

Answer 7

Summaries and General Info
- Encyclopedia
- Dictionaries
- Reference/textbooks

Question 8

Systemic Review

Answer 8

Collection of research is gathered and clinically appraised in an effort to reach an unbiased conclusion about the weight of evidence on a particular topic

Question 9

Ramdomized Control Trial

Answer 9

Assigns sunjects to either an experimental group or control comparison group

Subject in the experimental group recieve the intervention while the comparison group does not

Question 10

Prospective Observation Cohort Study

Answer 10

A study in which there is no contolled manipulation of the subjects; Subjects are observed over time and then compared to see if there are differences in outcomes

Question 11

Case Control Study

Answer 11

A retrospective research design used to determine the relationshop between potential risk factor and a disease/disorder

One group has one group doesnt

Question 12

Case Report

Answer 12

A detailed description of the management of a patient/client that may serve as a basis for future research

Question 13

Recall Bias

Answer 13

You see more of what you see ; creates false sense of prevalence when making a diagnosis

Question 14

Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

Perform confirmatory tests/ measures once you have a diagnosis, but will perform contradictory tests/measures

Question 15

Outcome Bias

Answer 15

You will attribute improvements in your patients to your interventions; you will attribute success in yolur intervetions to your diagnosis

Question 16

Survivorship Bias

Answer 16

You will make decisions based off past sucesses while ignorning past failures

Question 17

Scientific Method

Answer 17

1. Ask a Q
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Experiement
4. Observe and record
5. Draw Conclusion
6. Share your findings

Question 18

Scientific Process in Clinical Care

Answer 18

Diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, outcome

Question 19

Statistical/Null Hypothesis

Answer 19

The hypothesis we are statistically testing
Either reject or fail to reject
Null=No relationship

Question 20

Scales of Measurement

Answer 20

Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal

Question 21

Measure of Tendancy

Answer 21

Mean: Average
Median: Middle Number
Mode: The most common number
Frequency: How many times the number appears in the data

Question 22

Normal Distribution

Answer 22

68% of the cases will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
95% of the cases will within two standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of the cases will fall within three standard deviations of the mean

Question 23

Inclusion Criteria

Answer 23

The defining criteria that individual from the population must possess to be eligible for the study
- Often a mix of demographic, clinical and geographic
-Most often, the clinical and dmographic inclusion criteria define the target population

Question 24

Direct Relationship

Answer 24

amount and selectivity of inclusion criteria, and the amount of sample homogenity
More selective= more homogenous

Question 25

Inverse Relationship

Answer 25

Amount and selectivity of inclusion criteria and the amount of generalizability of the study findings

Question 26

Exclusion Criteria

Answer 26

The defining criteria and individuals from the population may possess that would preclude them from joining the study

Question 27

Probability Sampling

Answer 27

Every person in the accessible population has an equal chance of being chosen Minimize sampling error: increase validity of the findings Free bias representative of the findings

Question 28

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 28

Subjects in the sampling frame are assigned a number; if the subjects number is selected they are included in the sample

Question 29

Systematic Sampling

Answer 29

Subjects in the sampling frame are assigned a number; ordered numerically; selects every nth person

Question 30

Stratified Sampling

Answer 30

Subjects in the sampling frame are first sub-grouped, or straified base on a particular charateristics then use SRS or SS, selected from each strata

Question 31

Non-probability Sampling

Answer 31

Subject are not randomly selected Probability of being included in sample is not known Cant know if sample is non-bias representative

Question 32

Convenience Sampling

Answer 32

Most common form in PT research Enroll subjects who are available and or repons to recruitment

Question 33

Consecutive Sampling

Answer 33

Enrolling each participant who meets inclusion/exclusion criteria as they become available

Question 34

Quota Sampling

Answer 34

Use convience sampling sample for inital sample frame, then takes strata from the sample

Question 35

Snowball Sampling

Answer 35

Start with on group of subjects and ask them to recruit more subjects; often used in qualitiative studies

Question 36

Purposeive Sample

Answer 36

Hand selecting specific individual with certain characterisitcs Often used in qualtive studies

Question 37

Sampling Bias

Answer 37

The difference between the observed and true reults that is attributed to the sampling mistakes of the researcher

Question 38

Type 1 Error

Answer 38

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Question 39

Type 2 error

Answer 39

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false

Question 40

Level of Significant (type 1)

Answer 40

The probability of gettting your result, If the null hypothesis were in fact true Reflects the probability of making a type 1 error Lower probabilty lower chance of type 1 error If p<0.05, then we are confident rejecting the null hypotesis

Question 41

Confidence Interval (type 1)

Answer 41

Provides boundaries to certain levels of confidence that the true diffreence in the population would be between

Question 42

What happens if the confidence interval crossess 0?

Answer 42

We fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 43

What happens if the null hypothesis doesnt cross 0?

Answer 43

Rejects the null hypothesis

Question 44

Power

Answer 44

The ability of a test to detect a difference if its truly there (0.8) The probability of of making a type 2 error called beta (0.2) Inversley related to Beta; Revolve around type 2 error