Exam I Flashcards
(411 cards)
1
Q
Motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression is via branches of what nerve?
A
Facial nerve (C.N. VII)
2
Q
This condition is characterized by facial nerve paralysis.
A
Bell’s Palsy
3
Q
Sensory innervation to the face is via branches of what nerve?
A
Trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)
4
Q
What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)?
A
- Opthalmic nerve
- Maxillary nerve
- Mandibular nerve
5
Q
What area of the face does the opthalmic nerve supply sensation?
A
Primarily to the face and scalp
6
Q
What area of the face does the maxillary nerve supply sensation?
A
Primarily to the cheek and the area lateral to the orbit
7
Q
What area of the face does the mandibular nerve supply sensation?
A
Primarily to the chin and temporal region.
8
Q
What are the subdivisions of the opthalmic nerve?
A
- Supraorbital nerve
- Supratrochlear nerve
- External nasal nerve
- Infratrochlear nerve
- Lacrimal nerve
9
Q
What are the subdivisions of the maxillary nerve?
A
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve
- Zygomaticofacial nerve
- Infraorbital nerve
10
Q
What are the subdivisions of the mandibular nerve?
A
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Buccal nerve
- Mental nerve
11
Q
What nerve is most commonly injured with blows to the face?
A
Infraorbital nerve
12
Q
This condition is characterized by a sudden attack of severe pain occurring in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. It is often aggravated by touch.
A
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
13
Q
Trigeminal Neuralgai most common occurs in what division of the trigeminal nerve?
A
Maxillary division. The second most common is the mandibular division and the least common is the opthalmic division.
14
Q
The spinal trigeminal nucleus is involved with pain receptors from the face and extends down to what cord level?
A
C4
15
Q
The sensory innervation of the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp is from what?
A
The posterior (dorsal) primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4
16
Q
This nerve supplies the occipital region of the head.
A
Greater occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C2)
17
Q
This nerve supplies the upper part of the back of the neck.
A
Third occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C3)
18
Q
This nerve supplies the lower part of the back of the neck.
A
Posterior primary ramus of C4
19
Q
C1 is strictly what type of nerve?
A
Motor
20
Q
The sensory innervation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck is supplied by what?
A
The anterior (ventral) primary rami of cervical nerve 2-4
21
Q
The cervical plexus is formed from what?
A
The anterior primary rami C1-C4
22
Q
What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
A
- Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
- Greater auricular nerve (C2, C3)
- Transverse cervical nerve (C2, C3)
- Supraclavicular nerve (C3, C4)
23
Q
This nerve is part of the cervical plexus and supplies sensory innervation to the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear.
A
Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
24
Q
This nerve is part of the cervical plexus and supplies sensory innervation to the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear. It accompanies the external jugular vein.
A
Great auricular nerve (C2, C3)
25
This nerve is part of the cervical plexus and supplies sensory innervation to the anterior surface of the neck (the throat).
Transverse cervical nerve (C2, C3)
26
This nerve is part of the cervical plexus and supplies sensory innervation to the lateral surface of the neck. There are three subdivisions of this nerve.
Supraclavicular nerve (C3, C4)
27
What are the three subdivisions of the supraclavicular nerve?
Medial, intermediate, and lateral supraclavicular nerves
28
In addition to sensory nerves the cervical plexus also carries motor fibers to what muscles?
Infrahyoid (strap) muscles
29
The motor fibers from the cervical plexus arises from a loop called what?
Ansa cervicalis
30
What are the two parts of the ansa cervicalis?
Superior root and Inferior root
31
What is the superior root of the ansa cervicalis composed of?
It runs from C1, or C1 and C2. It descends from the hypoglossal nerve to join the inferior root.
32
What is the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis composed of?
It runs from C2 and C3. It descends from the cervical nerve branches to join the superior root.
33
What is the segmental innervation of the ansa cervicalis?
C1, C2, C3
34
What muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply?
Three of the four infrahyoid muscles:
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- omohyoid
35
The fourth infrahyoid muscle, the thyroyoid, receives its innervation exclusively from what?
C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve.
36
The phrenic nerve is usually considered to be part of the cervical plexus and originates from what spinal nerves?
C3, C4 (primarily), and C5
37
The phrenic nerve has motor supply to the ____ and sensory to _____.
Diaphragm; some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen
38
Where can the phrenic nerve be found?
In the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. It runs vertically down the muscle and into the thorax.
39
What is the origin of the platysma?
Superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
40
What is the insertion of the platysma?
Lower border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth
41
What is the innervation of the platysma?
Cervical branch of the facial nerve (C.N. VII)
42
What is the action of the platysma?
Depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth
43
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
- Sternal head from the front of the manubrium
| - Clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle
44
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
- Lateral surface of the mastoid process
| - Lateral half of the superior nuchal line
45
What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory nerve (C.N. XI)
46
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
It is the chief flexor of the head
47
This condition is the pathological contraction of the sternocleidomastoid. The head is tilted toward and the face turned away from the affected side.
Torticollis (wry neck)
48
What are the three types of torticollis?
Type I: congenital torticollis
Type II: muscular torticollis
Type III: spasmodic torticollis
49
This type of torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor, which develops at or shortly before birth.
Type I: congenital torticollis
50
This type of torticollis is due to a birth injury.
Type II: muscular torticollis
51
This type of torticollis occurs in adults, is due to abnormal tonicity, and responds well to Chiropractic care.
Type III: spasmodic torticollis
52
What is the origin of the trapezius?
- External occipital protuberance
- Ligamentum nuchae
- Spinous processes of the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
53
What is the insertion of the trapezius?
- The lateral third of the clavicle
- Spine of the scapula
- Acromion process
54
What is the innervation of the trapezius?
- Accessory nerve (C.N. XI)
| - C3 and C4 from the cervical plexus
55
What is the action of the trapezius?
Upper portion: elevates the scapula
Middle portion: retracts the scapula
Lower portion: depresses the scapula
56
This vein drains the face and scalp, and also contains a large amount of cerebral blood.
External jugular vein
57
What two veins form the external jugular vein?
Retromandibular and posterior auricular veins
58
Where does the external jugular vein run?
It runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid, and empties into the subclavian vein
59
What are the tributaries of the external jugular vein?
- Retromandibular vein
- Posterior auricular vein
- Posterior external jugular vein
- Anterior jugular vein
- Transverse cervical vein
- Suprascapular vein
60
What can cause a prominent external jugular vein?
- Congestive heart failure or obstruction of the superior vena cava
- Opera singers and bagpipe players may develop this due to increased intrathoracic pressure during singing or plalying.
61
What are the two major triangles of the neck?
Posterior and anterior triangles
62
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Anterior: the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: the anterior border of the trapezius
Inferior: the superior border of the middle third of the clavicle
63
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Superior: the inferior border of the mandible
Anterior: the anterior midline
Posterior: the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
64
Where does the apex of the anterior triangle lie?
It lies inferiorly at the jugular notch
65
What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?
- Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
- The superficial cervical fascia
- Platysma
66
What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
- Submental triangle
- Submandibular (digastric) triangle
- Carotid triangle
- Muscular triangle
67
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
The left and right anterior bellies of digastric, and the body of the hyoid bone
68
What is the floor of the submental triangle?
The mylohyoid muscle
69
What are the contents of the submental triangle?
Minor veins and lymph nodes
70
What are the boundaries of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
the inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of digastric , and the posterior belly of digastric
71
What is the floor of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
The mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles
72
What are the contents of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
The submandibular gland, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX), and the vagus nerve (C.N. X).
73
What subdivision of the anterior triangle must you use caution with when palpating or adjusting?
Submandibular (digastric) triangle. This is because there is a high concentration of vital neurovascular structures located here.
74
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
The posterior belly of digastric, the superior belly of omohyoid, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
75
What is the floor of the carotid triangle?
Portions of the thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior and middle constrictor muscles
76
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
- Parts of the common and internal carotid arteries
- External carotid artery and three of its branches (superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery)
- Corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein
77
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
The superior belly of the omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
78
What is the floor of the muscular triangle?
Posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
79
What are the contents of the muscular triangle?
- Sternohyoid and sternohyoid muscles
- Thyroid gland
- Trachea
- Esophagus
80
This bone is located between the mandible and larynx, and serves as a point of attachment for many muscles. It does not articulate with any other bone and is broken in cases of strangulation.
Hyoid bone
81
What are the parts of the hyoid bone?
Body, greater horn, lesser horn
82
What muscles compose the infrahyoid muscles?
- Superficial layer: omohyoid and sternohyoid
| - Deep layer: sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
83
What is the origin of the omohyoid?
- The inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula. It ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the sternocleidomastoid.
- The superior belly extends upward from the intermediate tendon.
84
What is the insertion of the omohyoid?
Body of the hyoid bone
85
What is the innervation of the omohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
86
What is the action of the omohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
87
What is the origin of the sternohyoid?
The posterior surface of the manubrium, and the medial end of the clavicle
88
What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
The body of the hyoid bone
89
What is the innervation of the sternohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
90
What is the action of the sternohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
91
What is the origin of the sternothyroid?
The posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sternohyoid
92
What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
The oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
93
What is the innervation of the sternothyroid?
Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
94
What is the action of the sternothyroid?
Depresses the larynx
95
What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
The oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
96
What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
The body of the hyoid bone
97
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?
C1 through the hypoglossal nerve
98
What is the action of the thyrohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone
99
What functions do the infrahyoid muscles play a role in when they depress the hyoid bone and larynx?
Swallowing, speech, breathing. If the hyoid is depressed the digastric muscle depresses the mandible.
100
This structure is a dense, sheet-like layer of connective tissue.
Fascia
101
This structure surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck.
Cervical fascia
102
This is a thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymph nodes.
Superficial cervical fascia
103
What are the four parts of the deep cervical fascia?
Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia, and carotid sheath
104
This layer of the deep cervical fascia lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezieus.
Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
105
This layer of the deep cervical fascia encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus.
Pretracheal fascia
106
This layer of the deep cervical fascia encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back.
Prevertebral fascia
107
This layer of the deep cervical fascia is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck.
Carotid sheath
108
What structures does the carotid sheath contain?
Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery , internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes
109
What is the function of the fascial layers?
To provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of the head and neck as well as during swallowing.
110
What is the clinical significance of the fascial layers?
- It may serves as a channel for infection
| - Cancer involving the deep cervical lymph nodes can compress the internal jugular vein.
111
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
- First thoracic vertebra
- First ribs and their cartilages
- Manubrium of the sternum
112
What are the major arteries that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
- Brachiocephalic trunk
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
- Internal thoracic artery
113
What are the major veins that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Brachiocephalic vein
114
What are the major nerves that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
- Phrenic nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Sympathetic truck
115
What viscera pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Cervical plexus
- Apex of the lung
- Thymus
116
This structure is part of the immune system and produces T-lymphocytes, lies primarily behind the manubrium, and gradually involutes after puberty.
Thymus gland
117
Where does the thymus receive its blood supply?
Internal thoracic artery
118
Where does the thymus receive its innervation?
From the stellate ganglion of the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve
119
This is an endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin. It lies at the level of C5 through T1
Thyroid gland
120
What are the three components of the thyroid gland?
Left lobe, right lobe, and the isthmus
121
Approximately 50% of thyroid glands have this structure, which extends upward from the isthmus as a finger of glandular tissue.
Pyramidal lobe
122
This is another common variation found associated with the thyroid gland, which connects the isthmus of the thyroid gland with the hyoid bone.
Levator glandulae thyroidae muscle
123
What arteries supply the thyroid gland?
- Superior thyroid artery (from the external carotid artery)
| - Inferior thyroid artery (from the thyrocervical trunk)
124
This is an inconstant arterial branch to the thyroid gland, from the brachiocephalic trunk and may be damaged during tracheotomies.
Thyroid ima artery
125
What veins are a part of the thyroid gland?
- Superior thryoid vein (to the internal jugular vein)
- Middle thyroid vein (to the internal jugular vein)
- Inferior thyroid vein (to the brachiocephalic vein)
126
What is the innervation of the thyroid gland?
From the superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
127
This condition is characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which produces swelling in the anterior neck.
Goiter
128
This type of goiter is due to dietary deficiencies of iodine. The gland enlarges to increase output, the hormone is largely inactive, and symptoms are similar to hypothyroidism.
Endemic goiter
129
This type of goiter is due to an autoimmune disease. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor sites casing overactivity of the gland. The hormone is active in this case and symptoms are similar to hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease).
Exopthalmic goiter
130
This nerve branches off of the vagus within the thorax, and then travels up into the neck to supply motor innervation to all but one of the laryngeal muscles.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
131
These are endocrine glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and are involved in calcium homeostasis.
Parathyroid glands
132
Where do the parathyroid glands receive their blood supply?
- Inferior thyroid artery
| - Superior thyroid artery
133
What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?
From inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
134
What factors contribute to the difficulty of thyroid surgery?
- Prescence of parathyroid glands
- Highly vascular
- Presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve
135
This structure begins at the larynx at the level of C6 and then splits into left and right main bronchi within the thorax. Its walls are supported by a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings, which are open posteriorly.
Trachea or "windpipe"
136
The posterior gap of the trachea is spanned by what muscle?
Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
137
Where does the trachea receive its blood supply?
Inferior thyroid artery
138
What is the innervation of the trachea?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
139
This structure is a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach. It begins in the neck at the C6 level and lies posterior to the trachea.
Esophagus
140
What are the main arteries of the head and neck?
Left and right common carotid arteries
141
What are the branches of the common carotid artery?
Internal and external carotid arteries
142
This branch of the common carotid artery is the main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp.
External carotid artery
143
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Maxillary artery
144
This structure is a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid. It acts as a baroreceptor (blood pressure sensor).
Carotid sinus
145
What is the innervation of the carotid sinus?
The carotid sinus nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
146
This structure is a small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. It is a chemoreceptor, which detects changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid.
Carotid body
147
What is the innervation of the carotid body?
The carotid sinus nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
148
This is the largest vein of the neck. It begins at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinus and drains into the brachiocephalic vein.
Internal jugular vein
149
This is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen.
Superior jugular bulb
150
What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- Pharyngeal veins
- Facial vein
- Lingual vein
- Superior thyroid vein
- Middle thyroid vein
151
This is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein.
Inferior jugular vein
152
What are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
- Tympanic nerve
- Branch to the carotid sinus
- Pharyngeal branch
- Branch to the stylopharyngeus
- Tonsillar branch
- Lingual branch
153
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland. Also it senses pain in otitis media or inflammation of the middle ear.
Tympanic nerve
154
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to both the carotid sinus and carotid body.
Branch to the carotid sinus
155
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus. It is sensory to the pharyx, sense pain in acute pharyngitis, and is the afferent limb of the gag reflex.
Pharyngeal branch
156
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle.
Branch to the stylopharngeus
157
What is the only muscle of the pharynx that is not supplied by the vagus nerve?
Stylopharyngeus muscle
158
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate. It senses pain in tonsillitis.
Tonsillar branch
159
This branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue.
Lingual branch
160
This is the longest cranial nerve, with an extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
Vagus nerve (C.N. X)
161
What are the two gangila of the vagus nerve located in the neck?
- Superior (jugular) ganglion: located in the jugular foramen
- Inferior (nodose) ganglion
162
What are the branches of the vagus nerve found in the head and neck?
- Meningeal branch
- Auricular branch
- Pharyngeal branch
- Superior laryngeal branch
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
163
This branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion, supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation and is associated with cervicogenic headaches.
Meningeal branch
164
This branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion, is sensory to the auricle, the floor of the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane. It also senses pain in otitis externa (swimmer's ear).
Auricular branch
165
This branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and is the chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate. Most of its fibers originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve.
Pharyngeal branch
166
The pharyngeal branch of the vagus joins with branches from the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk, to form what?
Pharyngeal plexus
167
This structure is motor to all of the muscle so the pharynx except for the stylopharyngeus, and to all of the muscles of the soft palate except for tensor veli palatini.
Pharyngeal plexus
168
This branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and then divides into the internal and external laryngeal nerves.
Superior laryngeal nerve
169
This branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal folds.
Internal laryngeal nerve
170
This branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles.
External laryngeal nerve
171
This branch of the vagus nerve arises from the vagus nerve within the thorax and then ascends back into the neck. It is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds, and to the trachea, and motor to all of the muscles of the larynx except of the cricothyroid.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
172
What are the consequences of unilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve? Bilateral damage?
Unilateral: respiratory distress, hoarseness (partial aphonia)
Bilateral: complete aphonia and possible suffocation
173
What are some possible causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage?
- Trauma during thyroid surgery
- Goiter or thyroid tumor
- Lung tumor
- Aortic aneurysm (left side only)
174
What are the two parts that form the accessory nerve (C.N. XI)?
- Cranial part: originates from the medulla oblongata
| - Spinal part: originates from the sides of the spinal cord
175
This part of the accessory nerve (C.N. XI) supplies the vagus with motor fibers, which travel in the pharyngeal branch of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Cranial part
176
This part of the accessory nerve (C.N. XI) is motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Spinal part
177
This is the motor nerve to the tongue. It originates from the medulla oblongata, and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal where it loops downward and forward, deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of digastric.
Hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)
178
What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)?
- Meningeal branches
- Superior root of the ansa cervicalis
- Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
- Lingual branches
179
These branches of the hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII) supply the dura mater.
Meningeal branches
180
This branch of the hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII) consists mainly of C1 fibers and unites with the inferior root root of the ansa cervicalis to form the motor supply to the infrahyoid muscles.
Superior root of the ansa cervicales
181
These branches of the hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII) contain C1 fibers and are motor to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles.
Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
182
These branches of the hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII) are motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Lingual branches
183
What are the major branches of the cervical sympathetic ganglion?
- Superior cervical ganglion
- Middle cervical ganglion
- Vertebral ganglion
- Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
184
This major branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglion lies at the level of C1-C3 immediately below the base of the skull and contains the internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branches to the pharyngeal plexus. it supplies sympathetic innervation to everything in the head.
Superior cervical ganglion
185
This major branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglion lies at the level of C6 and contains the middle cervical cardiac nerve.
Middle cervical ganglion
186
This major branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglion is variable and is often fused with either the middle or inferior cervical ganglion. It lies at the C7 level and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery.
Vertebral ganglion
187
This major branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion. It lies at the level of C7-T1, contains the inferior cervical cardiac nerve, and supplies the upper extremity (sympathetic) and thymus gland.
Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
188
This is a nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery , connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion.
Ansa subclavia
189
This is the large horizontal part of the mandible.
Body
190
This is the upper border of the body of the mandible and contains the tooth sockets (alveoli).
Alveolar process
191
This is the vertically ascending part of the mandible.
Ramus
192
This is located at the posterior terminus of the body of the mandible.
Angle
193
This part of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
Condylar process
194
Misalignment of the condylar process can lead to what condition?
Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ)
195
This part of the mandible is the area of attachment for muscles of mastication.
Coronoid process
196
This part of the mandible is the origin of the genioglossus muscle.
Superior mental (genial) spine
197
This part of the mandible is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle.
Inferior mental (genial) spine
198
This part of the mandible is the origin of the anterior belly of digastric.
Digastric fossa
199
This part of the mandible is the origin of the myolohyoid muscle.
Mylohyoid line
200
This part of the mandible is the location of the sublingual gland.
Sublingual fossa
201
This part of the mandible is the location of part of the submandibular gland.
Submandibular fossa
202
What is the origin of the digastric muscle?
Posterior belly: mastoid process
| Anterior belly: digastric fossa
203
What is the insertion of the digastric muscle?
Both bellies "insert" into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon which connects them together. The intermediate tendon is strapped to the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop
204
What is the innervation of the digastric muscle?
Posterior belly: cervical branch of the facial nerve (C.N. VII)
Anterior belly: nerve to the mylohyoid (C.N. V)
205
What is the action of the digastric muscle?
Elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when the hyoid is fixed
206
What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?
Mylohyoid line
207
What is the insertion of the mylohyoid muscle?
Body of the hyoid bone, median raphe
208
What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?
Nerve to the mylohyoid (C.N. V)
209
What is the action of the mylohyoid muscle?
Elevates the hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
210
What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?
Inferior mental spine
211
What is the insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?
Body of the hyoid bone
212
What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 fibers through the hypoglossal
213
What is the action of the geniohyoid muscle?
Elevate the hyoid bone and tongue
214
What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?
Superior mental spine
215
What is the insertion of the genioglossus muscle?
Tip and entire undersurface of the tongue
216
What is the innervation of the genioglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve
217
What is the action of the genioglossus muscle?
Draws the tongue forward and protrudes the tip of the tongue
218
What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle?
Body and greater horn of the hyoid bone (upper surface)
219
What is the insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?
Sides of the tongue
220
What is the innervation of the hyoglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve
221
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
Draws the tongue downward
222
A small portion of the hyoglossus muscle may take origin from the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. What is the name of this muscle slip?
Chondroglossus
223
What is the origin of the styloglossus muscle?
Styloid process
224
What is the insertion of the styloglossus muscle?
Sides of the tongue
225
What is the innervation of the styloglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve
226
What is the action of the styloglossus muscle?
Draws the tongue upward and backward
227
What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?
Styloid process
228
What is the insertion of the stylohyoid muscle?
Body of the hyoid bone
229
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
Facial nerve
230
What is the action of the stylohyoid muscle?
Elevates the hyoid bone and tongue
231
This is one of the three paired salivary glands. It wraps around the posterior border of the mylohyoid and consists of a superficial and deep part.
Submandibular gland
232
This part of the submandibular gland is large and lies within the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa.
Superficial part
233
This part of the submandibular gland is small and lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle.
Deep part
234
What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?
Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (C.N. VII) via the submandibular ganglion
235
This is the smallest of the three major salivary glands and lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle in the sublingual fossa.
Sublingual gland
236
Where does the submandibular gland empty into?
The submandibular duct opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle, located lateral to the frenulum of the tongue
237
Where does the sublingual gland empty into?
It empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts located along the sublingual fold
238
What is the innervation of the sublingual gland?
Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (C.N. VII) via the submandibular ganglion
239
What are the nerves associated with the mandible?
Lingual, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal
240
What are the blood vessels associated with the mandible?
Lingual artery/vein and the facial artery/vein
241
What lymph nodes are associated with the mandible?
Submandibular and submental lymph nodes
242
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- to provide an airway
- olfaction
- warming and moistening of inspired air
- cleansing of inspired air
243
This is the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which opens into the nasopharynx.
Choanae
244
This is the free end of the nose
Tip
245
This connects the nose to the forehead.
Root
246
This term refers to the nostrils.
Nares
247
This structure bounds the nares laterally.
Alae
248
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
The nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone
249
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone (these two bones form the hard palate)
250
What forms the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavity?
Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the vomer
251
This is when the nasal septum does not lie in the median plane. Causes include congenital malformation, birth injury, or postnatal trauma.
Deviated septum
252
What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of teh sphenoid bone
253
What are the functions of the nasal conchae?
- Increase surface area (moistening, cleaning, and warming inspired air
- increases turbulence (increase olfaction and other functions)
254
This is a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus.
Sphenoethmoidal recess
255
This is the space below the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells.
Superior meatus
256
This is the space below the middle nasal concha. It receives the openings of the frontal sinus, the maxillary sinus, the middle ethmoidal cells and the anterior ethmoidal cells.
Middle meatus
257
This is a rounded projection into the middle meatus. the middle ethmoidal cells open onto this structure.
Ethmoidal bulla
258
This is a curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus. The frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinus open into this slit.
Hiatus semilunaris
259
This is the space below the inferior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct.
Inferior meatus
260
This is the area just inside each nostril. It contains hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Nasal vestibule
261
This is the lower two thirds of the nasal cavity.
Respiratory region
262
This condition is characterized by a loss of olfaction.
Anosmia
263
This is the superior nasal concha and the upper one-third of the nasal septum. It contains the fibers of the olfactory nerve (C.N. 1), which pass down through the cribriform plate.
Olfactory region
264
Where does the nasal cavity receive general sensory information from?
Branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)
265
Where does the nasal cavity receive autonomic innervation from?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
266
What is the primary blood supply to the nasal cavity?
- Sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery
| - Anterior ethmoidal branch of the opthalmic artery
267
What is the technical term for a nosebleed?
Epistaxis
268
This form of epistaxis involves small branches in or near the vestibule, caused by minor trauma or low humidity.
Mild epistaxis
269
This form of epistaxis involves spurting arterial blood and results from the rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at one of its major anastomoses, caused by major trauma
Severe epistaxis
270
Where does lymph from the nasal cavity drain?
Deep cervical nodes
271
At what rate do people lose their olfactory receptor cells?
1% per year after the age of 50
272
This paranasal sinus lies in the frontal bone, and opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct.
Frontal sinus
273
This is the largest of the paranasal sinus and lies within the maxilla on each side, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit.
Maxillary sinus
274
This paranasal sinus is the only one which may be present at birth and the one most frequently prone to infection due to its opening lying in a superior position leading to poor drainage.
Maxillary sinus
275
This paranasal sinus lies within the body of the sphenoid bone, and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess.
Sphenoidal sinus
276
This paranasal sinus consists of several groups of ethmoidal cells which lie within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and the nasal cavity.
Ethmoidal cells
277
An infection of the nasal cavity can spread to which areas?
- paranasal sinuses (sinusitis)
- nasopharynx (acute pharyngitis)
- phayngotympanic tube (otitis media)
- nasolacrimal duct to lacrimal apparatus and conjuctiva (conjunctivitis; pink eye)
- anterior cranial fossa via the cribriform plate (meningitis, brain abcess)
- mastoid air cells from the middle ear via the aditius (mastoiditis)
278
What does cerebrospinal fluid dripping through the nose indicate?
Damage to the cribriform plate
279
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
- Roof: the palate
- Floor: the tongue and oral mucosa, supported by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
- Anterior and lateral boundaries: the lips and cheeks
- Posterior boundary: oropharyngeal isthmus, demarcated by the palatoglossal arch
280
This portion of the oral cavity lies between the lips and gums, or cheek and gums.
Oral vestibule
281
This is the portion of the oral cavity which lies internal to the tooth rows.
Oral cavity proper
282
The is the median groove seen externally which extends from the nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip.
Philtrum
283
What is the function and innervation of the buccinator muscles?
To position food over the teeth. Innervation is C.N. VII
284
This forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity.
Palate
285
This forms the anterior two thirds of the palate.
Hard palate
286
This forms the posterior one third of the palate.
Soft palate
287
What does the hard palate consist of?
Palatine process of the maxilla (anteriorly) and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone (posteriorly)
288
What foramina does the hard palate contain?
- Incisive foramen: transmits the nasopalatine nerves (C.N. V)
- Greater palatine foramen: transmits nerves and vessels of the same name
- Lesser palatine foramen: transmits nerves and vessels of the same name
289
The hard palate is covered by this structure. It presents a palatine raphe which ends anteriorly in the incisive papilla.
Mucoperiosteum
290
These structures extend laterally within the mucoperiosteum and aid in gripping food against the tongue during mastication.
Transverse palatine folds
291
The soft palate is continuous with what two lateral arches?
- Palatoglossal arch, which is made up of the palatoglossal fold and the palatoglossus muscle
- Palatopharyngeal arch, which is made up of the palatopharyngeal fold and palatophayngeus muscle
292
This structure is the median projection of the soft palate.
Uvula
293
What is the origin of the musculus uvulae?
Posterior nasal spine
294
What is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?
Mucous membrane of the uvula
295
What is the innervation of the musculus uvulae?
Vagus Nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
296
What is the action of the musculus uvulae?
To elevate the uvula
297
What is the origin of the levator veli palatini?
Inferior surface of the temporal bone
298
What is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?
Aponeurosis of the soft palate
299
What is the innervation of the levator veli palatini?
Vagus nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
300
What is the action of the levator veli palatini?
Elevates the soft palate
301
What is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?
Scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, pharyngotympanic tube
302
What is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?
The tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeruosis of the soft palate
303
What is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal (C.N. V)
304
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
-Tenses the soft palate, opens the pharyngotympanic
tube
-Can contribute to snoring and sleep apnea
305
What is the innervation and blood supply of the hard palate?
- Greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
| - Greater palatine artery (from maxillary)
306
What is the innervation of the soft palate?
- Lesser palatine nerve
| - Lesser palatine and facial arteries
307
How does one diagnose nerve damage to the soft palate?
Damage to the left vagus nerve causes the uvula to deviate to the right, due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae on the left side and vice versa
308
What are the functions of the tongue?
- Taste
- Mastication
- Swallowing
- Speech
309
What are the parts of the tongue?
- Apex: rests against incisor teeth
- Margin: rests against teeth and gums on each side
- Dorsum: upper surface of the tongue
- Inferior surface: the lower surface of the tongue
- Root : the attached base of the tongue
310
This structure is a V shaped groove which divides the tongue into the oral part (anterior 2/3) and the oropharyngeal part (posterior 1/3).
Sulcus terminalis
311
This is a foramen located at the apex of the V of the sulcus terminalis. It is the remnant of the embryonic thryoglossal duct.
Foramen cecum
312
This is a shallow groove visible on the surface of the tongue.
Median groove
313
These are a type of lingual papillae that are conical projections with sharply pointed tips.
Filiform papillae
314
These are a type of lingual papillae that are mushroom shaped and contain taste buds.
Fungiform papillae
315
These are the largest of the lingual papillae, are arranged in a V shaped row in front of the sulcus terminalis, and contain taste buds. They detect bitter tastes and may trigger the gag reflex.
Vallate papillae
316
These are a type of lingual papillae that are grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans, and contain taste buds.
Foliate papillae
317
This is a mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue
Lingual tonsil
318
What two folds connect the tongue to the epiglottis?
Median adn lateral glossoepiglottic folds
319
What structure connects the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Frenulum
320
In some infants, the frenulum of the tongue is short superior to inferior and long anterior to posterior, extending to near the apex of the tongue. The tongue becomes strapped to the floor of the mouth, impeding speech. This condition is known as what?
Ankyloglossia
321
What are the extrinisic muscles of the tongue?
- Genioglossus
- Hyoglossus
- Styloglossus
- Palatoglossus
322
What is the origin of the palatoglossus?
Soft palate
323
What is the insertion of the palatoglossus?
Sides of the tongue
324
What is the innervation of the palaotglossus?
Vagus nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
325
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
Elevates the back of the tongue
326
All of the extrinsic muscle of the tongue except the palatoglossus are innervated by what nerve?
Hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)
327
This extrinsic muscle of the tongue pulls it forward and also prevent it from falling backwards, blocking the airway and potentially leading to suffocation. It is particularly important during general anesthesia and in seizure disorders.
Genioglossus
328
General sensation in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is provided by what nerve?
The lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal (C.N. V)
329
Taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is provided by what nerve?
Chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve (C.N. VII)
330
Both general sensation and taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is provided by what nerve?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)
331
What is the blood supply of the tongue?
Artery: Lingual artery (from external carotid)
Vein: Lingual vein (to internal jugular)
332
What are the lymph nodes associated with the tongue?
Submental, submandibular, and deep cervical nodes
333
This is the hardest substance in the human body and covers the crown of the teeth.
Enamel
334
This is internal to the enamel of the teeth.
Dentin
335
This fills the central cavity of the tooth. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, which enter the pulp through a foramen at the apex of the root.
Pulp
336
This is a bone-like substance which covers the root of the tooth.
Cementum
337
This part of the teeth projects above the gingivae (gums) and is covered by enamel.
Crown
338
This part of the teeth is the junction between the crown and root.
Neck
339
This part of the teeth is embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible. It is covered with cementum.
Root
340
This is specialized oral mucosa which surrounds the teeth and covers adjacent alveolar bone.
Gingivae (gums)
341
These are single rooted chisel-shaped teeth which are used for cutting.
Incisors
342
These are single rooted, pointed teeth which are used for puncturing and tearing
Canines
343
These are single or double rooted teeth with broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding.
Premolars
344
These are multiple rooted teeth with very broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding.
Molars
345
These are the last teeth to erupt and often become impacted due to dental crowding.
3rd molars (wisdom teeth)
346
This surface of the teeth is the side facing the lip or buccal surface for incisors and canines only and the side facing the cheek for premolars and molars only.
Labial surface
347
This surface of the teeth is the side facing the tongue.
Lingual surface
348
This surface of the teeth is the side facing anteriorly or toward the midline.
Mesial surface
349
This surface of the teeth is the side facing posteriorly or away from the midline.
Distal surface
350
This surface of the teeth is the chewing surface.
Occulusal surface
351
The human dentition consists of what two sets of teeth?
- Deciduous or "baby" teeth
| - Permanent or "adult" teeth
352
How many teeth does the deciduous dentition contain?
Two incisors, one canine, and two molars in each quadrant, for a total of twenty
353
How many teeth does the permanent dentition contain?
Two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant, for a total of 32.
354
What teeth in the permanent dentition replace deciduous molars?
Adult premolars
355
What is the innervation of the maxillary teeth?
Superior alveolar branches from the maxillary division of the trigeminal (C.N. V)
356
What is the innervation of the mandibular teeth?
Inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)
357
What is the difference between a toothache and trigeminal neuralgia in terms of teeth affected?
Toothache: affects one tooth
| Trigeminal neuralgia: affects a whole row of teeth
358
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx: posterior to the nasal cavity
Oropharynx: posterior to the oral cavity
Laryngopharynx: posterior to the larynx
359
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
Superior boundary: roof of the pharynx
Inferior boundary: soft palate
Anterior boundary: posterior border of the inferior nasal concha
Posterior boundary: posterior wall of the pharynx
360
What is the clinical significance of pharyngeal tonsils?
They may become enlarged, causing difficulty breathing through the nose
361
The pharyngotympanic tube opening is limits by a cartilaginous structure called what?
Torus tubarius
362
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Equalize pressure between the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity
363
This is a small tonsil which lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube.
Tubal tonsil
364
This is a fold which descends from the torus tubarius to the wall of the pharynx.
Salpingopharyngeal fold
365
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Superior boundary: soft palate
Inferior boundary: superior border of the epiglottis
Anterior boundary: palatoglossal fold
Posterior boundary: posterior wall of the pharynx
366
The oropharynx communicates with the oral cavity through what structure?
Oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces)
367
The palatine tonsils are located between what two folds?
- Palatoglossal fold: from the soft palate to the tongue
| - Palatopharyngeal fold: from the soft palate to the wall of the pharynx
368
What muscle is deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold? Palatoglossal fold? Palatopharyngeus muscle?
Salpingopharyngeus muscle; Palatoglossus muscle; Palatopharyngeus muscle
369
What is the space between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeus folds called?
Tonsillar fossa
370
These are the tonsils which are most frequently removed during childhood.
Palatine tonsils
371
This is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal, and pharyngeal tonsils.
Tonsillar ring
372
What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?
Superior boundary: superior border of the epiglottis
Inferior boundary: lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus
Anterior boundary: posterior surface of the larynx
Posterior boundary: posterior wall of the pharynx
373
This is the opening into the larynx and is found within the laryngopharynx.
Laryngeal inlet
374
The laryngeal inlet is bounded laterally by _____ and inferiorly by ____.
Aryepiglottic folds; interarytenoid notch
375
This is a recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx, located on either side of the laryngeal inlet. It creates a passage for food around the laryngeal inlet.
Piriform fossa (recess)
376
What muscles compose the external (circular) layer of the pharynx?
- Inferior constrictor muscle
- Middle constrictor muscle
- Superior constrictor muscle
377
What is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?
Cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
378
What is the insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
379
What is the innervation of the inferior constrictor muscle?
Vagus nerve (c.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus and external laryngeal nerve
380
What is the function of the inferior constrictor muscle?
Contracts the pharynx during swallowing
381
What is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?
The greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
382
What is the insertion of the middle constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
383
What is the innervation of the middle constrictor muscle?
Vagus nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
384
What is the action of the middle constrictor muscle?
Contracts the pharynx during swallowing
385
What is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?
Medial pterygoid plate, alveolar part of the mandible, side of the tongue
386
What is the insertion of the superior constrictor muscle?
Pharyngeal raphe
387
What is the innervation of the superior constrictor muscle?
Vagus nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
388
What is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?
Contracts the pharynx during swallowing
389
This is a specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor which helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing.
Palatopharyngeal sphincter
390
What muscles compose the longitudinal layer of the pharynx?
- Stylopharyngeus muscle
- Palatopharyngeus muscle
- Salpingopharyngeus muscle
391
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Styloid process
392
What is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Thyroid cartilage, some fibers blend with those of the constrictors
393
What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)
394
What is the action of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Elevates the pharynx
395
What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Soft palate
396
What is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Wall of the pharynx, thyroid cartilage
397
What is the innervation of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
Vagus nerve (C.N.X) via the pharyngeal plexus
398
What is the action of the palatopharygeus muscle?
Elevates the pharynx, narrows the oropharynx
399
What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Torus tubarius and opening of pharyngotympanic tube
400
What is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Wall of the pharynx
401
What is the innervation of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Vagus nerve (C.N. X) via the pharyngeal plexus
402
What is the action of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
Elevates the pharynx, opens the pharyngotympanic tube
403
What two muscles blend together within the wall of the pharynx?
Palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
404
What forms the pharyngeal plexus?
- Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (C.N. X)
- Pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (C.N. IX)
- Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
405
What are the major arteries of the pharynx?
Ascending pharyngeal artery and the maxillary artery
406
This is a layer of fascia which surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx. It is continuous with the pretracheal fascia below.
Buccopharyngeal fascia
407
This is a layer of fascia which lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx.
Pharyngobasilar fascia
408
This is a potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia (or pretracheal fascia) and the prevertebral fascia. it extends downward into the thorax and permits free movement of the pharynx and esophagus during swallowing.
Retropharyngeal space
409
Hemorrhage from cervical trauma or abcess from pharyngeal infection into this space may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx to balloon forward, potentially leading to suffocation.
Retropharyngeal space
410
Describe the process of swallowing (deglutition).
1. ) The tongue moves the bolus back into the oropharyngeal isthmus
2. ) The palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles squeeze the bolus back into the oropharynx. At the same time, the levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles elevate the soft palate to close off the pharyngeal isthmus.
3. ) The stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus elevates the walls of the pharynx. At the same time, the suprahyoid muscles elevate the hyoid bone and the larynx under the bulge of the tongue, which flexes the epiglottis back over the laryngeal inlet
4. ) The superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles contract in sequence, to move the food through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx and into the esophagus. peristalsis then propels it downwardds to the stomach
411
This condition is characterized by a difficulty in swallowing.
Dysphagia
