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Life Cycles > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

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1
Q

Cyproterone acetate

A

Androgen-receptor antagonist

Progesterone-like -> feeds back on the HPA, shuting down GnRH

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2
Q

Flutamide and bicaluramide

A

Anti-androgen; used to treat prostate cancer
Given with a GnRH agonist to prevent the initial GnRH rise
Flutamide is also given as treatment for prostate cancer.

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3
Q

Anti-muscarinics -> Urinary Incontinence

A

Block Ach which acts on M3 receptors -> oxybutynin, tospium, and tolterodine

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4
Q

Testosterone cypionate/ ethanate

A

IM injection every 2-3 weeks

Risks -> polycythemia, BPH, and elevated LDL

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5
Q

Drug causes of gynecomastia

A

spironolactone, flutamide, phenothiazine, antidepressants, alcohol, heroine, and marijuana

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6
Q

Iatrogenic causes of ED

A

Anti-androgens, anti-psychotics, antidepressants, narcotics, marijuana, and cocaine, antihypertensives (NOT ACE-I!), metaclopramide

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7
Q

5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A

Sildenafil, vardenafil, tadenafil -> need initial stimulation to obtain erections -> increase cAMP

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8
Q

Aprostadil

A

Treatment for ED; Prostaglandin E1

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9
Q

Gonadotropin therapy for fertility

A

hCG -> similarity to FSH

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10
Q

Form of progesterone used in pills.

A

Medroxyprogesterone

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11
Q

Form of progesterone in the Mirena

A

Levonorgestrel

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12
Q

Form of progesterone in plan B

A

Levonorgestrel

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13
Q

Morning after options

A
  1. Combined OCP 2. copper IUD 3. levonorgestrel 4. ulipristal acetate (Ella) -> progesterone receptor modulator
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14
Q

Lifetime risk of HPV for men and women

A

80%

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15
Q

Half of all new HPV infections occur in which age range?

A

15-24 years of age

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16
Q

In what percent is the virus cleared?

A

85-95%

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17
Q

The majority of cervical cancers are?

A

Squamous cell tumors (80%); 20% are adenomas

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18
Q

Anastrozole/letrozole

A

Aromatase inhibitors used in the treatment of breast cancer

Non-steroidal/ competitive

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19
Q

Exemestane/formestane

A

Aromatase inhibitors used in the treatment of breast cancer

Steroidal/non-competative

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20
Q

Tamoxifen/toremphene

A

SERM used to treat breast cancer; agonist at endometrium (cancer risk)

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21
Q

Raloxifen

A

SERM used to treat osteoporosis without endometrial action

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22
Q

Clomiphene

A

SERM used to treat infertility; induces ovulation by antagonizing estrogen at pituitary, leading to FSH rise; agonizes endometrium and can cause hot flashes

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23
Q

Estradiol valerate/ estradiol cypionate

A

Esterified estrogen compounds -> increases lipid solubility -> increase half-life

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24
Q

Ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, and quinestrol

A

Estrogen with ethinyl group -> decrease liver degradation

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25
Premarin
Conjugated estrogen, used in HRT
26
What is the overall prevalence for high-risk HPV?
23%
27
HPV infection clearance rate at 2 years
90%
28
Cervix uteri cancer is most frequently diagnoses among women aged _______
35-44
29
Ospemifene
SERM used to treat postmenopausal dyspareunia. No risk of endometrial hyperplasia
30
Drugs that cause sexual dysfunction
Depo-provera, antihypertensives, anti-epileptics, alpha-adrenergic drugs, Antidepressants, antipsychotics, GnRH agonists, alcohol, marijuana
31
Forms of progesterone used in OC
Levonorgestrel, norethrindrone, estonorgestrel, and MPA
32
Fecundability
Probability of achieving pregnancy after one menstrual cycle
33
Elevated day 3 _____ would indicate decreased ovarian reserve
FSH
34
What is spinnbarkeit?
Thinning and more stretching cervical mucus mid-cycle due to estrogen levels
35
Basal body temperature change
Rises prior to ovulation due to LH surge -> remain 0.5 higher until two days after ovulation.
36
Signs of endometriosis
Adnexal tenderness, chocolate cyst, uterine immobility (inflammation), modularity of uterosacral ligament
37
The innervation of the urethral sphincter that prevents ejaculation of semen into the bladder
Sympathetic
38
Relaxation of the vessels into the penile corpora cavernous leads to erection in response to __________
Parasympathetic innervation
39
Urogenital sinus becomes ________
Lower vagina, bladder, and urethra
40
What is the embryonic source of the round ligament?
The gubernaculum
41
Kidneys and gonads develop in this type of mesoderm______
Transitional
42
_______ cells secrete AMH
Sertoli
43
The tissue layer of the urethra that is most sensitive to estrogen stimulation
Urothelial
44
The name of the grading system used in prostate cancer which combines the morphologic resemblance to the normal tumor and tumor invasiveness.
Gleason
45
Location of the leydig cells in the testis
Interstitum
46
The protein hormone secreted by the ovary which exerts negative feedback during the second half of the menstrual cycle
Inhibin
47
The most common distribution of prostate cancers
Multifocal
48
95% of testicular tumors are ________
germ cell tumors
49
The zone of the prostate associated most closely with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Transition zone
50
The cell line from which most penile cancers arise.
Epithelial
51
Cystoceole
Prolapse of the posterior wall of the bladder into the vaginal space
52
The cells which are the closest proximity to the developing oocyte during folliculogenesis
Granulosa cells
53
The most common testicular cancer in men over 60.
Lymphoma
54
The most common site of prostate cancer mets.
Bone
55
Which cells in the ovary are homologous to the Leydig cells in the testis?
Theca cells
56
Most endometrial cancers are of this histologic subtype.
Endometrioid
57
Most ovarian malignancies arise from histologic layer of the ovary.
Epithelial
58
The estrogen in most newer oral contraceptives
Ethinylestradiol
59
The name given to fallopian tube epithelium present where is should not be.
endosalpingiosis
60
Ectopic glandular tissue in the vagina
Adenosis
61
Treatment of BPH
Alpha-antagonists -> terazosin, tamsulosin -> relaxation of smooth muscle Finesteride
62
In which zone do prostate neoplasms usually arise?
Peripheral zone
63
What is the function of stromal cells?
Smooth muscle contraction during ejaculation
64
Which types of cells give rise to adenocarcinoma in the prostate?
Columnar epithelium cells
65
Which type of cell is absent in association with neoplastic glands in adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
Basal layer
66
Hydrocele
Accumulation of serous fluid between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis
67
Elevated LDH
Non-specific testicular tumor marker
68
Tumor maker in seminoma
PLAP -> placental alkaline phosphatase
69
Seminoma in women
dysgerminoma
70
Yolk sac tumor appearance
Reticular; glandular; eosinophilic hyaline globules; glomerular appearance around a blood vessel
71
Leydig tumors are composed of what cell type?
Neuroendocrine cells
72
What goes pagetoid mean?
Single cells or cluster percolating through the epithelium
73
Mixed mullerian tumors (type II endometrial cancer) have what two types of cells?
1. Epithelial -> carcinoma | 2. Mesothelial (cartilage, sarcoma) -> sarcoma
74
Primordial follicle
Primary oocytes with a single layer of follicular cells
75
Primary follicle
Enlarged oocyte with multiple layered follilcular cells, with a zone pellucida in-between and theca cell organization
76
Secondary follicle
Early fluid accumulation, theca interna and externa
77
Formation of the corpus luteum is ________
Progesterone driven
78
What is believed to be the origin of most epithelial tumors of the ovary?
Fimbriated end of the fallopian tube
79
What does ectodermal tissue become?
Epidermis, sebaceous glands, hair follicles
80
What does mesodermal tissue become?
Fat, cartilage, bone and teeth
81
What does endodermal tissue become?
respiratory and GI tissue, thyroid tissue
82
Common sources of metastatic disease to the ovary
Stomach, appendix, colon and breast
83
How do we treat McCune Albright syndrome?
Letrozole -> aromatase inhibitor
84
Treatment of familial testotoxicosis
1. Aromatase inhibitor and androgen blocker OR | 2. Ketoconazole
85
A bone age past that of when puberty should begin indicates ______
gonadal axis abnormality (not adrenarche)

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